Final report for ES19-148
Project Information
High tunnel production has grown considerably in Kentucky since 2012. However, many growers still struggle with production challenges that are more commonly observed in high tunnel systems, such as soil salinity, appropriate fertilizer use, and season extension. Because high tunnels are still relatively new, many Cooperative Extension Service agents do not have the experience or information to properly assist high tunnel growers. The objective of this project is to better capacitate CES agents with accurate information and useful skills needed to better support the current and future high tunnel growers in their communities. A training series specific to high tunnels will be provided through the University of Kentucky. Agents from UK and Kentucky State University will be invited to participate in the two-year training series. UK Extension specialists will provide research-based information and resources, as well as instruction for hands-on experience in six different training sessions. Instruction and learning will happen both in the classroom and the field. Experienced growers will attend each training session and share their experiences with the agents and provide feedback to specialists after each training. Although the agents are the audience for the trainings, the ultimate audience is the growers who the agents will serve in their counties. Agents will be surveyed in order to assess each training session’s impact and evaluate whether changes to future sessions are necessary. At the 2021 completion of the training series, agents will be expected to lead a high tunnel-related training supervised by the project director.
The project objectives are to train Kentucky county CES agents to have a comprehensive understanding of high tunnel operations. At least six different workshops, each focusing on specific aspects of high tunnel production will be offered over the course of two years.
Cooperators
- (Educator)
- (Educator)
- (Educator)
- (Educator)
Education
The project objectives are to train Kentucky county CES agents to have a comprehensive understanding of high tunnel operations. To date, four trainings/workshops have been offered. Each has focused on specific aspects of high tunnel production.
To date agents have learned:
- How to construct a high tunnel (15 x 40 ft) and be able to offer guidance and advice to growers with respect to proper site selection, construction details, and design features.
- How to prepare the soil accordingly for crop production, and manage the soil sustainably and specifically for a high tunnel. How to explain this to growers and assist them when needed.
- Crop management and soil preparation for warmer weather. Agents learned and put into practice how to transition from winter to spring, how to prepare a high tunnel for summer production, timing, frost protection, row cover use, crop selections, and dealing with winter cover crops.
- The cost associated with all aspects of a high tunnel system from construction to production to maintenance.
- What it takes for a grower to prepare for market, have the tools to better understand their local market, and the costs associated with getting to market.
- The basics of IPM strategies specific to high tunnels and how to teach and provide recommendations to growers.
- How to safely and accurately apply pesticides in a high tunnel (personal protective equipment, calculations) and how to teach and prepare growers to apply pesticides, if necessary.
- The considerations that need to be made before setting up drip irrigation for a high tunnel, how to set up drip irrigation and the different components of the system.
- How to calculate fertilizer for both pre-plant and post-plant applications, including fertigation.
- How to set up a rainfed, low-flow drip irrigation system.
The goal of the training series is to provide accurate and current information to CES agents and equip them with useful skills related to high tunnels so that they are empowered and better able to assist the high tunnel growers, or potential high tunnel growers, in their counties. Five of the six trainings have been in-person workshops with hands-on demonstrations that allow the agents to learn by doing. Because of the pandemic, the economic presentation and workshop was done virtually and a series of IPM presentations and videos were also presented virtually. An IPM workshop was held the following year (2021) and was in-person with demonstrations.
Education & Outreach Initiatives
Teach agents how to teach growers about getting a high tunnel ready for spring.
This workshop focused on crop management and soil preparation for warmer weather. Agents were taught and were able to put into practice how to transition from winter to spring, how to prepare a high tunnel for summer production, timing, frost protection, crop selections, and dealing with winter cover crops. This included two presentations about temperature management and row cover use and winter cover crops. Two growers also spoke about their season extension experiences, how they prepare for spring, the precautions and risks they take.
After the presentations, the agents prepared two high tunnels for tomato transplanting. This included preparing the soil, learning how to use a walk-behind tiller, applying preplant fertilizer, preparing woven weed mat and laying it, placing hoops, and discussing the different row cover weights. Tomatoes were transplanted afterwards. Eleven agents participated.
A YouTube video was created from this workshop:
Preparing for Spring with a High Tunnel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MwhXXiCFl4w
In the pre-workshop survey on a scale of 1 to 5, 1 meaning they feel like they know nothing and 5 meaning they feel so comfortable assisting a grower that they would be able to do so without the assistance of a specialist, the agents had the following responses:
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Reasons for the use of various types of row cover |
16.67% |
2 |
41.67% |
5 |
16.67% |
2 |
25.00% |
3 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
2 |
Differences between various types of row cover |
16.67% |
2 |
25.00% |
3 |
41.67% |
5 |
16.67% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
3 |
Different equipment uses for soil preparations in high tunnels |
8.33% |
1 |
33.33% |
4 |
16.67% |
2 |
41.67% |
5 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
4 |
Cover crop varieties and management techniques |
16.67% |
2 |
33.33% |
4 |
41.67% |
5 |
8.33% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
5 |
High tunnel and row cover planting times |
8.33% |
1 |
41.67% |
5 |
33.33% |
4 |
16.67% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
6 |
High tunnel and row cover crop selection |
25.00% |
3 |
25.00% |
3 |
33.33% |
4 |
16.67% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
In the post-workshop survey with the same questions, we observed an marked increase in knowledge and understanding across all topics. The agents had the following responses:
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Reasons for the use of various types of row cover |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
11.11% |
1 |
55.56% |
5 |
33.33% |
3 |
9 |
|
2 |
Differences between various types of row cover |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
55.56% |
5 |
44.44% |
4 |
9 |
|
3 |
Different equipment uses for soil preparations in high tunnels |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
44.44% |
4 |
55.56% |
5 |
9 |
|
4 |
Cover crop varieties and management techniques |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
22.22% |
2 |
44.44% |
4 |
33.33% |
3 |
9 |
|
5 |
High tunnel row cover planting times |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
22.22% |
2 |
44.44% |
4 |
33.33% |
3 |
9 |
|
6 |
High tunnel row cover crop selection |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
22.22% |
2 |
44.44% |
4 |
33.33% |
3 |
9 |
In the pre-workshop survey, when asked to rate their comfort and confidence level on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = not comfortable at all, 5 = so comfortable they would be able to assist a grower with a specialist), agents responded:
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Advising producers on the benefits and challenges associated with row cover |
16.67% |
2 |
41.67% |
5 |
25.00% |
3 |
16.67% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
2 |
Advising producers on the construction of row cover |
25.00% |
3 |
25.00% |
3 |
25.00% |
3 |
25.00% |
3 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
3 |
Showing producers how to use and adjust equipment used for soil preparation |
16.67% |
2 |
41.67% |
5 |
16.67% |
2 |
25.00% |
3 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
4 |
Assisting producers on selecting the best cover crop for individual operations |
16.67% |
2 |
50.00% |
6 |
16.67% |
2 |
16.67% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
5 |
Advising producers on the optimal planting dates for specific crops |
0.00% |
0 |
58.33% |
7 |
16.67% |
2 |
25.00% |
3 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
|
6 |
Advising producers on the best crops to grow in high tunnels |
8.33% |
1 |
41.67% |
5 |
50.00% |
6 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
Again, in the post-workshop survey, we observed a large increase in comfort and confidence across all topics.
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Advising producers on the benefits and challenges associated with row cover |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
22.22% |
2 |
33.33% |
3 |
44.44% |
4 |
9 |
|
2 |
Advising producers on the construction of row cover |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
22.22% |
2 |
44.44% |
4 |
33.33% |
3 |
9 |
|
3 |
Showing producers how to use and adjust equipment used for soil preparation |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
22.22% |
2 |
33.33% |
3 |
44.44% |
4 |
9 |
|
4 |
Assisting producers on selecting the best cover crop for individual operations |
0.00% |
0 |
11.11% |
1 |
22.22% |
2 |
44.44% |
4 |
22.22% |
2 |
9 |
|
5 |
Advising producers on the optimal planting dates for specific crops |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
66.67% |
6 |
33.33% |
3 |
9 |
When asked what the most valuable aspect of the workshop was, agents replied:
|
difference between types of row covers. |
|
after the first couple of years in a high tunnel you may experience different pest problems. |
|
The app for calculating nitrogen and benefits of cover crops in high tunnel. |
|
the different types of equipment and prepare the seedbed. |
|
How to set up and prepare the inside of a high tunnel for planting and how to set up row covers. |
|
Basic high tunnel information. |
|
The hands on activity on the options for working the soil. |
|
Setting up row covers. |
|
various types of cover crops and challenges with using some of them. |
When asked what they hope to implement or change in their county regarding high tunnel production after participating in the training, the agents responded:
|
I feel like I can better help producers that have high tunnels and actually conduct better farm visits. |
|
I can be a source for high tunnel producers to use for information |
|
Education of farmer's market high tunnel folks on cover crops. |
|
I constructed a high tunnel on my farm in Dec. 2019. I hope to host field days and have trainings there. |
|
The different varieties of tillers they could use in high tunnels and also the different measures they can take if temperatures drop too low inside their tunnels. |
|
I will be able to offer more hands on help. Now that I have seen some of these steps in person. |
|
I can give better answers now that I have done it hands on. |
|
increase the number of producers using high tunnels in order to enhance the farmer's market. |
Discuss with agents what to know before you build a high tunnel.
Dr. Tim Woods, UK Ag Economist, led the discussion and presentation of this training. Agents learned about the costs associated with producing in a high tunnel as well as the different markets available to growers, how to support a grower regardless of their type of market, and about crop pricing and deciding how much to plant/grow for production based on different markets. Two growers also spoke about their experience with marketing and how it has evolved over time and what they have learned along the way. This webinar was recorded as is available to UK and KSU agents.
In the pre-webinar survey, agents were asked to rate their knowledge and understanding in the following areas on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = I know nothing, 5 = I have enough knowledge that I would not need to contact a specialist). Here are their responses:
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Primary marketing advantages for producing out of a high tunnel |
0.00% |
0 |
17.86% |
5 |
42.86% |
12 |
32.14% |
9 |
7.14% |
2 |
28 |
|
2 |
Typical marketing channels for high tunnel producers |
3.57% |
1 |
14.29% |
4 |
60.71% |
17 |
21.43% |
6 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
|
3 |
How to do a market assessment |
7.14% |
2 |
46.43% |
13 |
42.86% |
12 |
3.57% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
|
4 |
Important product qualities local food consumers look for |
0.00% |
0 |
28.57% |
8 |
35.71% |
10 |
35.71% |
10 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
|
5 |
How to integrate important product qualities into a marketing plan |
7.14% |
2 |
39.29% |
11 |
39.29% |
11 |
14.29% |
4 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
|
6 |
Basic economic components of a high tunnel as a capital investment |
14.29% |
4 |
42.86% |
12 |
32.14% |
9 |
7.14% |
2 |
3.57% |
1 |
28 |
|
7 |
Measuring fixed costs |
7.14% |
2 |
35.71% |
10 |
46.43% |
13 |
7.14% |
2 |
3.57% |
1 |
28 |
|
8 |
Measuring net cash flow |
7.14% |
2 |
32.14% |
9 |
42.86% |
12 |
14.29% |
4 |
3.57% |
1 |
28 |
In the post-webinar survey, agents were asked the same questions. We observed an increase in their knowledge and understanding across all topics.
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Primary marketing advantages for producing out of a high tunnel |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
12.50% |
3 |
58.33% |
14 |
29.17% |
7 |
24 |
|
2 |
Typical marketing channels for high tunnel producers |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
20.83% |
5 |
50.00% |
12 |
29.17% |
7 |
24 |
|
3 |
How to do a market assessment |
4.17% |
1 |
8.33% |
2 |
33.33% |
8 |
45.83% |
11 |
8.33% |
2 |
24 |
|
4 |
Important product qualities local food consumers look for |
0.00% |
0 |
4.17% |
1 |
8.33% |
2 |
62.50% |
15 |
25.00% |
6 |
24 |
|
5 |
How to integrate important product qualities into a marketing plan |
0.00% |
0 |
12.50% |
3 |
25.00% |
6 |
45.83% |
11 |
16.67% |
4 |
24 |
|
6 |
Basic economic components of a high tunnel as a capital investment |
0.00% |
0 |
4.17% |
1 |
20.83% |
5 |
58.33% |
14 |
16.67% |
4 |
24 |
|
7 |
Measuring fixed costs |
0.00% |
0 |
4.17% |
1 |
29.17% |
7 |
45.83% |
11 |
20.83% |
5 |
24 |
|
8 |
Measuring net cash flow |
0.00% |
0 |
8.33% |
2 |
29.17% |
7 |
58.33% |
14 |
4.17% |
1 |
24 |
In the pre-webinar survey, when asked to rate their comfort and confidence in the the following areas, here are how agents responded:
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Primary marketing advantages for producing out of a high tunnel |
7.14% |
2 |
17.86% |
5 |
42.86% |
12 |
21.43% |
6 |
10.71% |
3 |
28 |
|
2 |
Typical marketing channels for high tunnel producers |
10.71% |
3 |
17.86% |
5 |
50.00% |
14 |
21.43% |
6 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
|
3 |
How to do a market assessment |
7.14% |
2 |
50.00% |
14 |
39.29% |
11 |
3.57% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
|
4 |
Important product qualities local food consumers look for |
7.14% |
2 |
25.00% |
7 |
42.86% |
12 |
21.43% |
6 |
3.57% |
1 |
28 |
|
5 |
How to integrate important product qualities into a marketing plan |
14.29% |
4 |
35.71% |
10 |
42.86% |
12 |
7.14% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
|
6 |
Basic economic components of a high tunnel as a capital investment |
14.29% |
4 |
32.14% |
9 |
46.43% |
13 |
7.14% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
|
7 |
Measuring fixed costs |
10.71% |
3 |
35.71% |
10 |
46.43% |
13 |
7.14% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
|
8 |
Measuring net cash flow |
10.71% |
3 |
39.29% |
11 |
42.86% |
12 |
7.14% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
28 |
In the post-webinar survey, the agents were asked the same questions. We observed an increase in comfort and confidence across all topics.
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Primary marketing advantages for producing out of a high tunnel |
0.00% |
0 |
4.17% |
1 |
16.67% |
4 |
45.83% |
11 |
33.33% |
8 |
24 |
|
2 |
Typical marketing channels for high tunnel producers |
0.00% |
0 |
4.17% |
1 |
12.50% |
3 |
58.33% |
14 |
25.00% |
6 |
24 |
|
3 |
How to do a market assessment |
4.17% |
1 |
8.33% |
2 |
33.33% |
8 |
45.83% |
11 |
8.33% |
2 |
24 |
|
4 |
Important product qualities local food consumers look for |
4.17% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
12.50% |
3 |
54.17% |
13 |
29.17% |
7 |
24 |
|
5 |
How to integrate important product qualities into a marketing plan |
4.17% |
1 |
4.17% |
1 |
25.00% |
6 |
58.33% |
14 |
8.33% |
2 |
24 |
|
6 |
Basic economic components of a high tunnel as a capital investment |
0.00% |
0 |
4.17% |
1 |
25.00% |
6 |
58.33% |
14 |
12.50% |
3 |
24 |
|
7 |
Measuring fixed costs |
0.00% |
0 |
4.17% |
1 |
29.17% |
7 |
54.17% |
13 |
12.50% |
3 |
24 |
|
8 |
Measuring net cash flow |
4.17% |
1 |
4.17% |
1 |
37.50% |
9 |
45.83% |
11 |
8.33% |
2 |
24 |
Provide agents with specific video tutorials for IPM issues.
In the midst of the pandemic, the in-person workshop was not possible. In lieu of meeting in-person, we decided to offer a series of short training videos that relate to managing pests, diseases, and nutritional issues. After each video, the specialist was available to answer questions from agents. The videos contained content on the following topics:
- Leaf Tissue Sampling: Why do it, when it can be helpful and necessary, and how to sample properly to ensure consistent and helpful results. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRSBAz0cuBM
- The Terrible Trio: Three insect pests that can pop up in high tunnel production, why they succeed inside, and some basic options for dealing with them.
- Scouting for Pests: How, when, why
- Sanitation for Disease Prevention
In a pre-webinar survey, agent participants were asked to rate their knowledge or understanding on several topics on a scale of 1 to 5. (1 = I know nothing, 5 = I have enough knowledge that I would not need to contact a specialist)
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
How to properly collect a leaf tissue sample |
25.00% |
3 |
8.33% |
1 |
25.00% |
3 |
33.33% |
4 |
8.33% |
1 |
12 |
|
2 |
Why leaf tissue testing is helpful |
8.33% |
1 |
16.67% |
2 |
41.67% |
5 |
8.33% |
1 |
25.00% |
3 |
12 |
|
3 |
How to properly scout and monitor for insect pests |
8.33% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
25.00% |
3 |
58.33% |
7 |
8.33% |
1 |
12 |
|
4 |
Proper sanitation in a high tunnel |
8.33% |
1 |
16.67% |
2 |
41.67% |
5 |
25.00% |
3 |
8.33% |
1 |
12 |
|
5 |
Why sanitation is important to disease management |
8.33% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
33.33% |
4 |
25.00% |
3 |
33.33% |
4 |
12 |
|
6 |
Managing common pests in high tunnels |
8.33% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
50.00% |
6 |
41.67% |
5 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
Agents were also surveyed before the webinar on their comfort or confidence in the following areas. (1 = I am not confident at all, 5 = I am so confident that I would feel completely comfortable assisting the grower without the assistance of a specialist)
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Teaching a grower how to properly collect a leaf tissue sample |
25.00% |
3 |
8.33% |
1 |
33.33% |
4 |
25.00% |
3 |
8.33% |
1 |
12 |
|
2 |
Explaining to a grower why leaf tissue testing is helpful and should be considered |
8.33% |
1 |
25.00% |
3 |
41.67% |
5 |
8.33% |
1 |
16.67% |
2 |
12 |
|
3 |
Showing a grower how to properly scout and monitor for insect pests |
8.33% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
33.33% |
4 |
33.33% |
4 |
25.00% |
3 |
12 |
|
4 |
Discussing with a grower proper sanitation in a high tunnel |
8.33% |
1 |
16.67% |
2 |
41.67% |
5 |
25.00% |
3 |
8.33% |
1 |
12 |
|
5 |
Discussing with a grower why sanitation is important to disease management |
8.33% |
1 |
8.33% |
1 |
33.33% |
4 |
25.00% |
3 |
25.00% |
3 |
12 |
|
6 |
Helping a grower with management of common pests in high tunnels |
8.33% |
1 |
8.33% |
1 |
41.67% |
5 |
41.67% |
5 |
0.00% |
0 |
12 |
In the post-webinar survey, agents reported an increase in knowledge or understanding.
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
How to properly collect a leaf tissue sample |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
16.67% |
2 |
33.33% |
4 |
50.00% |
6 |
12 |
|
2 |
Why leaf tissue testing is helpful |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
50.00% |
6 |
50.00% |
6 |
12 |
|
3 |
How to properly scout and monitor for insect pests |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
25.00% |
3 |
75.00% |
9 |
12 |
|
4 |
Proper sanitation in a high tunnel |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
41.67% |
5 |
58.33% |
7 |
12 |
|
5 |
Why sanitation is important to disease management |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
25.00% |
3 |
75.00% |
9 |
12 |
|
6 |
Managing common pests in high tunnels |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
8.33% |
1 |
33.33% |
4 |
58.33% |
7 |
12 |
Agents also reported an increase in comfort and confidence when it comes to discussing topics with a grower or teaching them a skill or method.
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Teaching a grower how to properly collect a leaf tissue sample |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
25.00% |
3 |
25.00% |
3 |
50.00% |
6 |
12 |
|
2 |
Explaining to a grower why leaf tissue testing is helpful and should be considered |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
16.67% |
2 |
41.67% |
5 |
41.67% |
5 |
12 |
|
3 |
Showing a grower how to properly scout and monitor for insect pests |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
25.00% |
3 |
75.00% |
9 |
12 |
|
4 |
Discussing with a grower proper sanitation in a high tunnel |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
33.33% |
4 |
66.67% |
8 |
12 |
|
5 |
Discussing with a grower why sanitation is important to disease management |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
8.33% |
1 |
25.00% |
3 |
66.67% |
8 |
12 |
|
6 |
Helping a grower with management of common pests in high tunnels |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
50.00% |
6 |
50.00% |
6 |
12 |
Provide agents with the opportunity and experience of building a high tunnel from the ground up so that they understand the time, labor, and considerations necessary for proper high tunnel construction.
This was a 3-day hands-on workshop where participants were taught how to select an appropriate site for a high tunnel, how to orient the tunnel, and how to construct a tunnel. Participants built a tunnel from the ground up. The tunnel has since served as a learning lab for the duration of the training series. The construction training was 3 days in order to construct the tunnel. There were two training date options for two different groups of agent participants to build one tunnel (15 x 44 ft) each. Two experienced growers also attended the training and spoke the the participants about their high tunnel construction experience, things they've learned along the way and wish they had known from the beginning. They also assisted with constructing the tunnels.
Twelve agents participated in the training. A pre- and post-survey found increases in agents’ level of confidence and/or knowledge in the following areas:
- advising growers on the challenges and considerations of high tunnels (73%),
- advising growers on building a high tunnel (135%),
- assisting with construction of a high tunnel (127%),
- leading the construction of a high tunnel (124%),
- reasons for using a high tunnel (30%),
- proper high tunnel site selection (53%),
- components of a high tunnel (81%),
- purpose of the different components of a high tunnel (72%),
- challenges and considerations a grower should know about before owning a high tunnel (56%).
Because of the training, agents indicated an intent to build a high tunnel for a community garden and an elementary school, encourage more growers to use high tunnels, and hold their own trainings for people interested in having a high tunnel. When asked what the most valuable thing they learned from the training, many agents said that the hands-on component of the training was the most useful. Other agents said that learning about the variability in selecting materials and the style of structure was the most valuable. Overall, the program was well received with an agent stating, “LOVED the workshop! Anything hands-on like this helps me learn and understand so much better than any PowerPoint presentation.” Several agents stated that it was the best workshop they had ever attended. The high tunnel construction workshop is part of a series of workshops, which will focus on providing hands-on training to Kentucky county agents in all aspects of the high tunnel system over the next two years.
High tunnel Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies: Agents learn common production issues specific to high tunnel production and practice how to prevent and manage those issues. High tunnel demonstrations will be provided for agents to gain experience identifying diseases and pests.
In Kentucky, a high tunnel is considered a greenhouse and therefore, many pesticides are not permitted to be used in a high tunnel. Pesticides will only be so helpful if other management strategies are not being employed, such as preventative measures like sanitation, scouting, proper ventilation, trellising and pruning plants. If pesticides are used, it is important that agents and growers know what to look for on a pesticide label and understand the instructions and warnings. This workshop discussed the importance of non-chemical preventative strategies and also gave demonstrations on proper pesticide calculations and applications, how to read/interpret pesticide labels, and discussed the proper personal protective equipment necessary for different pesticides. We also demonstrated proper scouting techniques to determine if pesticides are necessary and discussed the proper use of sticky card traps and how to properly sanitize to avoid future disease issues.
This was a whole day workshop that began with morning sessions that rotated groups of agents to different high tunnels where different topics were discussed and demonstrated. We then came together before lunch to do one big demonstration. After lunch we gave presentations in the classroom and taught agents how to calculate the amount of pesticide to apply for a given area. We discussed different tools that are helpful or even necessary for proper IPM. Each agent received an IPM kit that included: pruning shears (2 pairs: large and small), trowel, sticky cards, measuring implements for various different pesticides (powder and liquid), pocket scale, small magnifying lenses, wide angle macro lens (attaches to a cell phone to get clear, detailed photos of pests and diseases), nitrile gloves, disposable boot covers, paper bags, and IPM-related documents (disease diagnostic forms, relevant factsheets, etc.). These items are for agents to use as they see fit--either keep the kit with them while they visit growers or possibly distribute to growers when they visit someone in need of a specific item. Drs. Bessin, Larson, Wright, and Gauthier assisted with and contributed to this workshop. Grower Maggie Dungan spoke to the group and gave her perspective of the IPM-related challenges on her certified organic farm. Fifteen agents participated.
Several YouTube videos were created from this workshop.
Conducting High Tunnel Site Visits: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USmhiZ9r_do
Herbicide Damage to Crops: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AzEAcz2a3U
Disease Management Through Sanitation in a High Tunnel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRxCJAmdzro
Assessing Climate in a High Tunnel for Disease Management: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-qGifGrAcw
Pesticide Safety in a High Tunnel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34n0I5BPu60
High Tunnel Insects: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN42qaUt9Pk
Sprayer and Nozzle Selection: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoRN9qLQM3w
Florida Weave: A Method for Trellising Tomatoes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHEAvs-ICh8
In a pre-webinar survey, agent participants were asked to rate their knowledge or understanding on several topics on a scale of 1 to 5. (1 = I know nothing, 5 = I have enough knowledge that I would not need to contact a specialist)
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Reasons for using different sprayers and types of nozzles for pesticide applications |
0.00% |
0 |
46.67% |
7 |
26.67% |
4 |
26.67% |
4 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
|
2 |
The different mechanical weed management methods and equipment |
0.00% |
0 |
40.00% |
6 |
26.67% |
4 |
26.67% |
4 |
6.67% |
1 |
15 |
|
3 |
How to properly scout for insect pests |
0.00% |
0 |
33.33% |
5 |
40.00% |
6 |
26.67% |
4 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
|
4 |
How to evaluate a site for disease |
0.00% |
0 |
13.33% |
2 |
73.33% |
11 |
13.33% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
|
5 |
PPE, what it means, its importance, and where to find that information for each pesticide |
0.00% |
0 |
6.67% |
1 |
26.67% |
4 |
33.33% |
5 |
33.33% |
5 |
15 |
|
6 |
REI, what it means, why it's important, and where to find REI information |
26.67% |
4 |
13.33% |
2 |
6.67% |
1 |
40.00% |
6 |
13.33% |
2 |
15 |
|
7 |
Properly utilizing biocontrol methods and different species - how, what, when |
6.67% |
1 |
53.33% |
8 |
20.00% |
3 |
20.00% |
3 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
|
8 |
Calculating pesticides for a particular area, even one as small as a high tunnel |
6.67% |
1 |
40.00% |
6 |
26.67% |
4 |
13.33% |
2 |
13.33% |
2 |
15 |
|
9 |
Calibrating equipment for pesticide applications |
26.67% |
4 |
20.00% |
3 |
33.33% |
5 |
13.33% |
2 |
6.67% |
1 |
15 |
|
10 |
Sanitation and disinfecting tools and materials - the importance of it and how to properly do it |
6.67% |
1 |
6.67% |
1 |
20.00% |
3 |
53.33% |
8 |
13.33% |
2 |
15 |
Agents were also asked to rate their comfort/confidence on a scale of 1 to 5.
1 = Not comfortable/confident at all, 5 = I am so comfortable that I would feel totally confident assisting a grower without the assistance of a specialist)
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Reasons for using different sprayers and types of nozzles for pesticide applications |
21.43% |
3 |
42.86% |
6 |
21.43% |
3 |
14.29% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
14 |
|
2 |
The different mechanical weed management methods and equipment |
7.14% |
1 |
42.86% |
6 |
14.29% |
2 |
28.57% |
4 |
7.14% |
1 |
14 |
|
3 |
How to properly scout for insect pests |
0.00% |
0 |
42.86% |
6 |
14.29% |
2 |
42.86% |
6 |
0.00% |
0 |
14 |
|
4 |
How to evaluate a site for disease |
0.00% |
0 |
28.57% |
4 |
50.00% |
7 |
21.43% |
3 |
0.00% |
0 |
14 |
|
5 |
PPE, what it means, its importance, and where to find that information for each pesticide |
0.00% |
0 |
14.29% |
2 |
7.14% |
1 |
35.71% |
5 |
42.86% |
6 |
14 |
|
6 |
REI, what it means, why it's important, and where to find REI information |
28.57% |
4 |
14.29% |
2 |
7.14% |
1 |
42.86% |
6 |
7.14% |
1 |
14 |
|
7 |
Properly utilizing biocontrol methods and different species - how, what, when |
14.29% |
2 |
57.14% |
8 |
7.14% |
1 |
21.43% |
3 |
0.00% |
0 |
14 |
|
8 |
Calculating pesticides for a particular area, even one as small as a high tunnel |
28.57% |
4 |
28.57% |
4 |
21.43% |
3 |
14.29% |
2 |
7.14% |
1 |
14 |
|
9 |
Calibrating equipment for pesticide applications |
28.57% |
4 |
28.57% |
4 |
21.43% |
3 |
14.29% |
2 |
7.14% |
1 |
14 |
|
10 |
Sanitation and disinfecting tools and materials - the importance of it and how to properly do it |
7.14% |
1 |
28.57% |
4 |
28.57% |
4 |
21.43% |
3 |
14.29% |
2 |
14 |
A post-workshop survey was conducted in order to assess the change in knowledge about the same topics. There was a positive change in knowledge and understanding for every category.
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Reasons for using different sprayers and types of nozzles for pesticide applications |
0.00% |
0 |
6.25% |
1 |
12.50% |
2 |
50.00% |
8 |
31.25% |
5 |
16 |
|
2 |
The different mechanical weed management methods and equipment |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
12.50% |
2 |
31.25% |
5 |
56.25% |
9 |
16 |
|
3 |
How to properly scout for insect pests |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
18.75% |
3 |
37.50% |
6 |
43.75% |
7 |
16 |
|
4 |
How to evaluate a site for disease |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
26.67% |
4 |
33.33% |
5 |
40.00% |
6 |
15 |
|
5 |
PPE, what it means, its importance, and where to find that information for each pesticide |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
31.25% |
5 |
68.75% |
11 |
16 |
|
6 |
REI, what it means, why it's important, and where to find REI information |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
6.25% |
1 |
37.50% |
6 |
56.25% |
9 |
16 |
|
7 |
Properly utilizing biocontrol methods and different species - how, what, when |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
31.25% |
5 |
43.75% |
7 |
25.00% |
4 |
16 |
|
8 |
Calculating pesticides for a particular area, even one as small as a high tunnel |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
12.50% |
2 |
56.25% |
9 |
31.25% |
5 |
16 |
|
9 |
Calibrating equipment for pesticide applications |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
25.00% |
4 |
50.00% |
8 |
25.00% |
4 |
16 |
|
10 |
Sanitation and disinfecting tools and materials - the importance of it and how to properly do it |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
6.25% |
1 |
31.25% |
5 |
62.50% |
10 |
16 |
COMPARISONS
Change in Knowledge/Understanding
|
Field |
Pre-workshop Mean |
Post-workshop Mean |
Percent Change |
|
Reasons for using different sprayers and types of nozzles for pesticide applications |
2.80 |
4.06 |
45% |
|
The different mechanical weed management methods and equipment |
3.00 |
4.44 |
48% |
|
How to properly scout for insect pests |
2.93 |
4.25 |
45% |
|
How to evaluate a site for disease |
3.00 |
4.13 |
38% |
|
PPE, what it means, its importance, and where to find that information for each pesticide |
3.93 |
4.69 |
19% |
|
REI, what it means, why it's important, and where to find REI information |
3.00 |
4.50 |
50% |
|
Properly utilizing biocontrol methods and different species - how, what, when |
2.53 |
3.94 |
56% |
|
Calculating pesticides for a particular area, even one as small as a high tunnel |
2.87 |
4.19 |
46% |
|
Calibrating equipment for pesticide applications |
2.53 |
4.00 |
58% |
|
Sanitation and disinfecting tools and materials - the importance of it and how to properly do it |
3.60 |
4.56 |
27% |
Change in Comfort/Confidence
|
Field |
Pre Mean |
Post Mean |
Percent Change |
|
Reasons for using different sprayers and types of nozzles for pesticide applications |
2.29 |
4.13 |
80% |
|
The different mechanical weed management methods and equipment |
2.86 |
4.50 |
57% |
|
How to properly scout for insect pests |
3.00 |
4.13 |
38% |
|
How to evaluate a site for disease |
2.93 |
4.25 |
45% |
|
PPE, what it means, its importance, and where to find that information for each pesticide |
4.07 |
4.56 |
12% |
|
REI, what it means, why it's important, and where to find REI information |
2.86 |
4.44 |
55% |
|
Properly utilizing biocontrol methods and different species - how, what, when |
2.36 |
4.00 |
69% |
|
Calculating pesticides for a particular area, even one as small as a high tunnel |
2.43 |
4.19 |
72% |
|
Calibrating equipment for pesticide applications |
2.43 |
3.88 |
60% |
|
Sanitation and disinfecting tools and materials - the importance of it and how to properly do it |
3.07 |
4.50 |
47% |
Irrigation system construction: Agents learned about the different components of various irrigation systems growers could use. Agents practiced putting together different systems and evaluating their efficacy and ease of use.
Soil sampling and soil preparation: Agents learned about the importance of proper soil sampling, how to interpret soil test results, and how to calculate the fertilizer needed based on the test results and the future crop to be planted. Cover crops are valuable for rotation and soil health. Agents learned about different cover crops for late summer and early, how and when cover crops can be implemented in high tunnels.
This was an in-person, all day workshop. We discussed drip irrigation systems, how to implement rainfed irrigation, and the considerations that need to be made. Agents were able practice setting up a drip irrigation system in a high tunnel and were shown what can happen if the pressure is too low or too high. Fertigation was also demonstrated. We also discussed soil sampling and soil fertility for different crops as well as how to calculate the fertilizer required for various crops based off the results of a soil test. We also discussed late summer/early fall cover crops and how they can be implemented into high tunnel crop rotations. A demonstration plot with 12 different cover crops was set up so that agents could see the different growth characteristics of the cover crops. Optimal seeding dates and rates were discussed.
Fifteen agents attended. Dr. Brent Rowell, UK professor emeritus, assisted with this workshop. Grower Ford Waterstrat assisted with making a cover cropping video.
YouTube videos were created.
Rainfed Drip Irrigation (Ultra Low Pressure): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpoxxjNYhrU
A Discussion about Cover Cropping with Ford Waterstrat: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXUn9MdxcMw
In a pre-webinar survey, agent participants were asked to rate their knowledge or understanding on several topics on a scale of 1 to 5. (1 = I know nothing, 5 = I have enough knowledge that I would not need to contact a specialist)
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
The basics of drip irrigation—what it is, the benefits, considerations, general cost, etc. |
6.67% |
1 |
33.33% |
5 |
20.00% |
3 |
33.33% |
5 |
6.67% |
1 |
15 |
|
2 |
Correct terminology to describe different aspects of an irrigation system |
13.33% |
2 |
46.67% |
7 |
33.33% |
5 |
6.67% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
|
3 |
The math or calculations involved with drip irrigation |
60.00% |
9 |
26.67% |
4 |
6.67% |
1 |
6.67% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
|
4 |
Setting up a drip irrigation system |
33.33% |
5 |
20.00% |
3 |
0.00% |
0 |
33.33% |
5 |
13.33% |
2 |
15 |
|
5 |
Reading and properly interpreting soil test results |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
40.00% |
6 |
46.67% |
7 |
13.33% |
2 |
15 |
|
6 |
Calculating fertilizer for fertigation purposes |
26.67% |
4 |
20.00% |
3 |
33.33% |
5 |
13.33% |
2 |
6.67% |
1 |
15 |
|
7 |
The difference between cover crops, the potential benefits and considerations that should be made |
6.67% |
1 |
13.33% |
2 |
33.33% |
5 |
46.67% |
7 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
Agents were asked to rate their comfort and confidence from 1 to 5. (1 = Not comfortable/confident at all, 5 = I am so comfortable that I would feel totally confident assisting a grower without the assistance of a specialist)
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Advising a grower on how to set up a drip irrigation system |
40.00% |
6 |
13.33% |
2 |
13.33% |
2 |
20.00% |
3 |
13.33% |
2 |
15 |
|
2 |
Assisting a grower on calculating what drip irrigation is possible on their property |
40.00% |
6 |
26.67% |
4 |
20.00% |
3 |
13.33% |
2 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
|
3 |
Advising a grower on how to calculate fertilizer for fertigation |
40.00% |
6 |
26.67% |
4 |
26.67% |
4 |
6.67% |
1 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
|
4 |
Advising a grower on selecting the right cover crop for their farm/system |
26.67% |
4 |
6.67% |
1 |
26.67% |
4 |
40.00% |
6 |
0.00% |
0 |
15 |
|
5 |
Explaining how to interpret soil test results to a grower |
0.00% |
0 |
13.33% |
2 |
26.67% |
4 |
46.67% |
7 |
13.33% |
2 |
15 |
A post-workshop survey was given to agent participants to rate their knowledge, understanding, comfort, and confidence on the same topics.
Knowledge and understanding from 1 to 5.
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
The basics of drip irrigation—what it is, the benefits, considerations, general cost, etc. |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
33.33% |
5 |
33.33% |
5 |
33.33% |
5 |
15 |
|
2 |
Correct terminology to describe different aspects of an irrigation system |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
33.33% |
5 |
53.33% |
8 |
13.33% |
2 |
15 |
|
3 |
The math or calculations involved with drip irrigation |
0.00% |
0 |
13.33% |
2 |
46.67% |
7 |
33.33% |
5 |
6.67% |
1 |
15 |
|
4 |
Setting up a drip irrigation system |
0.00% |
0 |
6.67% |
1 |
13.33% |
2 |
40.00% |
6 |
40.00% |
6 |
15 |
|
5 |
Reading and properly interpreting soil test results |
0.00% |
0 |
6.67% |
1 |
13.33% |
2 |
53.33% |
8 |
26.67% |
4 |
15 |
|
6 |
Calculating fertilizer for fertigation purposes |
0.00% |
0 |
6.67% |
1 |
20.00% |
3 |
46.67% |
7 |
26.67% |
4 |
15 |
|
7 |
The difference between cover crops, the potential benefits and considerations that should be made |
0.00% |
0 |
6.67% |
1 |
6.67% |
1 |
60.00% |
9 |
26.67% |
4 |
15 |
Comfort and confidence from 1 to 5.
|
# |
Question |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
|
1 |
Advising a grower on how to set up a drip irrigation system |
0.00% |
0 |
7.14% |
1 |
28.57% |
4 |
28.57% |
4 |
35.71% |
5 |
14 |
|
2 |
Assisting a grower on calculating what drip irrigation is possible on their property |
0.00% |
0 |
28.57% |
4 |
35.71% |
5 |
28.57% |
4 |
7.14% |
1 |
14 |
|
3 |
Advising a grower on how to calculate fertilizer for fertigation |
0.00% |
0 |
14.29% |
2 |
28.57% |
4 |
50.00% |
7 |
7.14% |
1 |
14 |
|
4 |
Advising a grower on selecting the right cover crop for their farm/system |
0.00% |
0 |
7.14% |
1 |
14.29% |
2 |
50.00% |
7 |
28.57% |
4 |
14 |
|
5 |
Explaining how to interpret soil test results to a grower |
0.00% |
0 |
7.14% |
1 |
14.29% |
2 |
50.00% |
7 |
28.57% |
4 |
14 |
Changes
|
# |
Field |
Pre Survey Mean |
Post Survey Mean |
Percent Increase |
|
1 |
The basics of drip irrigation—what it is, the benefits, considerations, general cost, etc. |
3.00 |
4.00 |
33% |
|
2 |
Correct terminology to describe different aspects of an irrigation system |
2.33 |
3.80 |
63% |
|
3 |
The math or calculations involved with drip irrigation |
1.60 |
3.33 |
108% |
|
4 |
Setting up a drip irrigation system |
2.73 |
4.13 |
51% |
|
5 |
Reading and properly interpreting soil test results |
3.73 |
4.00 |
7% |
|
6 |
Calculating fertilizer for fertigation purposes |
2.53 |
3.93 |
55% |
|
7 |
The difference between cover crops, the potential benefits and considerations that should be made |
3.20 |
4.07 |
27% |
|
# |
Field |
Pre Survey Mean |
Post Survey Mean |
Percent Increase |
|
1 |
Advising a grower on how to set up a drip irrigation system |
2.53 |
3.93 |
55% |
|
2 |
Assisting a grower on calculating what drip irrigation is possible on their property |
2.07 |
3.14 |
52% |
|
3 |
Advising a grower on how to calculate fertilizer for fertigation |
2.00 |
3.50 |
75% |
|
4 |
Advising a grower on selecting the right cover crop for their farm/system |
2.80 |
4.00 |
43% |
|
5 |
Explaining how to interpret soil test results to a grower |
3.60 |
4.00 |
11% |
Educational & Outreach Activities
Participation Summary:
Learning Outcomes
Project Outcomes
The goal of the project was to educate agents on the complex and numerous aspects of high tunnel production systems. The feedback was very positive. Agents preferred the in-person, hands-on trainings that also combined a lecture/classroom component. Not only were we able to reach 52 different agents during the trainings or workshops that were held from 2019 to 2022, but we forged new relationships with several growers. Three agents built their own high tunnels after participating in the high tunnel construction workshop. Two agents hosted a webinar educating growers on season extension practices. One agent presented at the Kentucky Fruit and Vegetable Conference about his experiences growing strawberries in high tunnels. Our extension group plans to host similar trainings in the future.
An unanticipated outcome from this project was the relationships with growers and how that has created the opportunity for research trials on their farms.