Progress report for FNE22-025
Project Information
Objective 1—Measure contents of mulch material
Producing enough mulch in the spring, and estimating the mulch available to cut in a given site are key challenges. We will measure total production of dry matter and nitrogen of multiple mulch-producing areas and at multiple harvest dates.
Objective 2—Track nitrogen dynamics
We suspect we experienced nitrogen deficiency in some mulched areas in 2021. We will track nitrogen availability in the soil at planting and throughout the season with PSNT sampling in three mulched cucumber plots with different planting dates mulch materials.
Objective 3—Measure changes in soil health indicators over time
We have experienced some compaction issues in our first two years of transition to no-till, and want to document the improvements in soil health over time as we transition. We will assess the soil health annually in both the three crop sites and three areas where mulch is harvested. We will sample these same 6 sites all three years of the study; the soil health changes will not necessarily be correlated with the data gathered in Objectives 1 and 2, but will help us to measure changes over time as we implement the new system.
Soil health has always been a driving force at our farm. We decided to commit to sharply reducing our tillage after the extreme wet weather that we experienced in the late summer and fall of 2018. At that time, crop productivity ground to a halt due to waterlogged soils even at our excessively well-drained farm, and we experienced erosion in places. Climate projections point to greater overall rainfall in the Northeast, but also with increasingly irregular patterns characterized by periods of both drought and extreme wetness. This pattern expressed itself again in 2021, with the wettest July on record following dry conditions through the 2020 season and into the spring of 2021. We are hopeful that reducing tillage will increase our resilience to increasing climate disruption, as organic matter can act as a sponge to absorb moisture in wet conditions and retain it in drier times. Reduced tillage systems conserve soil, improve water quality, increase soil quality, and can reduce both environmental and economic risk. We also hope that we can act as an example to other farmers looking to reduce or eliminate tillage.
Our reduced-tillage system consists of two basic systems: an intensive compost-mulch system using tarps for weed control, and an extensive transferred-mulch system started in 2021, that is the subject of this project.
In our transferred mulch system, cover crop or pasture is mowed with a collection flail mower which collects the material and then can dump into a manure spreader which then spreads that mulch onto the field to be planted. This added mulch is in addition to whatever mulch was grown in situ, and the combined total needs to be a large enough quantity to suppress weeds. After mowing the in situ mulch and then applying additional mulch, we use a waterwheel transplanter which we modified based on Tony End’s work in SARE Project FNC 12-857. While we were generally happy with this system after the first season, we have many questions about optimizing the system. We experienced the following challenges:
- Matching the timing of mowing cover crops to the timing of planting crops. Our most intensive planting period is in late-April through early June. Winter annual cover crops are at the correct stage to be mow-killed in late May to early June; some of our in situ cover crop mixtures were mowed too early and regrew, competing with the crops that were planted into the mulch. We are dealing with this problem by planting more oat/pea sections for the earliest plantings where possible, and plan to kill rye with tarps for mid-spring plantings. We have also planted several different winter cereal crops (wheat, barley, triticale, and rye, in mixture with peas and/or vetch,) in the hopes that there will be a range of maturity dates among those different grains.
- We found that we needed to add more mulch for effective weed control. Our only measurement of how much mulch we apply is in cubic yards calculated by manure-spreader-loads. Since the mulches we are applying very greatly in moisture and nutrient content, and each mulch material changes rapidly as it grows in the spring, we want to develop better estimates of dry matter and nitrogen applied per bed, along with estimates of how much nitrogen may be available to harvest for mulch.
- We experienced some problems with transplants growing slowly after planting, possibly due to nitrogen tie-up. In some of the plantings that got “stuck,” we had a good response to fertigation with Chilean nitrate. Since both the in situ and transferred mulches vary greatly in growth stage and nutrient content at different planting dates, we plan to measure the nitrogen conditions across the whole growing season. This can be correlated with the nitrogen content and C:N ratio that we are measuring in the applied mulch. We know we are applying significant quantities of nitrogen in the form of mulch, but we would like to better be able to predict how much will be available.
- We had problems with compaction in our soils, leading to poor transplant establishment. The transition to no-till systems can sometimes be associated with short-term compaction issues that resolve themselves as soil health improves (Caro Rozell, personal communication, based on conversation with several organic farmers who have transitioned to reduced-tillage systems.) We plan to measure compaction and soil health indicators over time as we transition into the no-till system, and document any improvements that occur.
Cooperators
- - Technical Advisor (Educator)
Research
Objective 1—Measure dry matter production, percent nitrogen, and regrowth potential for multiple spring mulching materials and dates
We will be transplanting vegetable starts into mulched plots every week from late May through early June. In each case, the source of the mulch will include the mulch grown in situ, and additional mulch that will be mowed and transferred from another field. The actual mulch that we use on a given date will be dependent on the cover crop size, maturity, and distance to the area to be planted. It would be helpful if we could look at a stand of cover crop and estimate how many tons of dry matter are there so that we can estimate how many blocks of cover crop must be cut and transferred to mulch the crop blocks that are on the schedule for a given week; this objective will give us more information on which to base those estimates. We will take weekly samples of transferred mulch from 4 sites of the mulch that is mowed that week. The cover crops that we have planted for the 2022 season include rye, barley, wheat, and triticale, in some cases mixed with legumes; we will document the flowering stage of the winter cereals at time of mowing.
Measurements of dry matter and yield of these transferred mulches will help us estimate how many blocks of cover crop must be cut and transferred to mulch the crop blocks for a given week. The transferred mulch is mowed directly into the hopper of our collection mower and then dumped into a manure spreader for application to the field to be planted. Before mowing, we will measure the height of the mulch crop, and note its species composition, maturity level and overall condition. Then we will mow the mulch, dump it into the manure spreader, and take a subsample of the material in the manure spreader, using a box of standardized volume. This information can be used to calculate a total weight of mulch produced per acre from the cubic yards per acre that can be measured by counting spreader-loads per acre. Dry matter, total carbon and total nitrogen content will be determined for that material by sending a sample to Dairy One Forage Laboratory. From that information, we can calculate a total dry weight produced per acre, along with total carbon, nitrogen, and carbon to nitrogen ratio. For each of four different blocks mowed for mulch on a given week, representing 4 different cover crop or pasture mixtures, we will sample 3 manure spreader loads in order to standardize for the material in the field.
For the cucumber blocks that are planted and PSNT-sampled in Objective 2 below, we will sample the in situ mulch in (3) 0.1 square meter sections of the in situ mulch after mowing, and measure the total weight and volume of mulch produced, and send the material for the same forage testing. In the weeks that we sample the in situ mulch, we will sample one less block of mowed mulch, for a total of 4 sites sampled in that week. This will allow us to calculate the total dry matter, carbon, and nitrogen per acre for the in situ mulch. This number will be added to the mulch that is cut and transferred to the site to get totals for the field.
These samples will be repeated every season for the three seasons of the project.
Objective 2—Track nitrogen dynamics in mulched soil
Three plots will be selected where we will plant an early-, mid- and late-planted mulched cucumber crop. The in situ mulch for the early field (approximately May 1st,) will be winter-killed oats and peas; the middle date (approximately May 21st) will be overwintered cereal/legume mixture that is mowed approximately 2 weeks before the scheduled planting date and tarped, and the late planting (approximately June 15th) will be an overwintered cereal/legume cover crop that is killed by mowing. All three plantings will have additional mulch applied with a composition based on what is available to mow at that time of the season, and documented in Objective 1 above. Each of these 3 blocks will be divided into three sub-blocks.
At the time of planting, and every two weeks after that until approximately September 15th, a soil sample will be collected from each of the nine sub-blocks and a PSNT test will be submitted to University of Connecticut soil testing laboratory. Penetrometer readings will also be recorded at that time.
The crop plots will move over the course of the 3 seasons, and samples will be taken from the areas where cucumbers are grown every season.
Objective 3—Measure changes in soil health indicators over time
We will take annual soil health assessments based on the NRCS Cropland soil health assessment protocol (https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=44419.wba), We will also send samples of soil to the Cornell Soil Health Laboratory for Cornell Assessment of Soil Health (CASH) tests. These samples will be taken from the 3 mulched cucumber blocks in the first year, and 3 blocks that are used to produce mulch in the first year. We will return to the same 6 sites in each of the 2 subsequent seasons to document any changes in soil health that occur over time as we transition into a reduced-tillage system. These soil health changes won’t be directly correlated to the mulch treatments in Objectives 1 and 2, but will help us to assess the extent to which our overall transition to a reduced-tillage system accomplishes the goal of dramatically improving our soil health.
Transferred Mulch System for Organic Reduced Tillage Vegetable Production
Annual Report 2022 (Year one of three)
SARE Project #FNE22-025
Objective 1—Measure dry matter production, percent nitrogen, and regrowth potential for multiple spring mulching materials and dates
Samples of mulch were taken from 8 different locations and sampling dates. Three samples were taken from each site, and sent to Cumberland Valley Agricultural Services for analysis of dry weight and nitrogen content. These numbers were converted to a per-acre basis and are summarized in figures 1, 2, and 3. In general, annual cover crop plantings produced much higher biomass yields per acre than pasture, and the over-wintered cover crops produced more biomass at later harvest dates. The samples from F hill and N were both a second cut for the season, so the overall biomass produced per season for the pasture sections is more competitive than with the cover crop sections than it would appear from these numbers. Pasture definitely has a role to play in a cut-and-carry system since it tends to grow faster in the early spring and thus have more material available for the first vegetable successions. The CH pasture is a low-quality stand of pasture, so the production there is also not indicative of the general value of pasture as a mulch-producing unit. The nitrogen content was higher in some, but not all, of the pasture plots. The higher biomass production in the cover crop plants meant that total nitrogen production was much higher in the cover crop plots.
Objective 2—Track nitrogen dynamics in mulched soil
Three separate planting areas were established that represented 3 different planting dates; the plantings were all mulched and planted with cucumbers. Each planting area was separated into 3 subplots, and biweekly PSNT and Penetrometer readings were taken during the growing season. The planting dates, existing cover crop, preparation techniques, and added mulch are listed in Figure 4.
Table 1. Cucumber Site information
|
Plot ID |
Planting Date |
Added N Fertilizer |
In Situ Mulch |
Preparation |
Added Mulch |
Mulch Source |
|
C1 |
May 19 |
333 lbs./ A Nature’s Safe 13-0-0, applied 5/12 |
Barley, Pea, Vetch, Daikon |
Tarped |
Alfalfa/rye 172 yd/A |
A11-14 |
|
D8 |
June 3 |
333 lbs./ A Nature’s Safe 13-0-0, applied 5/4 |
Wheat, Oat, Crim. Clov., Daikon |
Tarped |
Rye/Pea 172 yd/A |
F4 |
|
D6 |
June 21 |
None |
Rye/vetch |
Rolled, then mowed |
Rye, Vetch, Pea 90 yards/A |
O2 |
The PSNT samples followed a similar pattern in all three planting sites, with relatively low soil nitrates, followed by a rise, and a gradual decline. This pattern was expected based on the gradual release of N into the soil as the organic material in the mulch and soil was mineralized. C1 and D8 both exhibited soil nitrate levels in a range high enough to support crop growth, with C1 being higher than D8 on all dates. D6 had a very low nitrate level at first sampling, and didn’t go above 20ppm until August. The lower nitrate levels were expected in the latest planting, and consistent with our observations of crop growth/health in both 2021 and 2022. We had suspected that the full growth of rye cover crop would scavenge much of the nitrogen from the soil, and these results confirm that impression, even where legumes were present with the rye. The lack of N fertilizer in D6 probably exacerbated this situation. We plan to add N fertilizer after mowing full-grown rye in the future, and will assess whether fertilization overcomes this deficiency. The higher nitrate levels in C1 may be due to past crop history; C1 was cover-cropped with sorghum-sudangrass, millet, soybean and sunn hemp in summer 2021, and it could be that there was sufficient nitrogen from those previous cover crops.
Objective 3—Measure changes in soil health indicators over time
Biweekly penetrometer readings were taken with a digital penetrometer in the mulched cucumber plots at the same times as the PSNT sampling. Contrary to expectations, penetration resistance in C1 and D8 increased over the course of the season. Hardness values were taken in the row in line with the plants, not the pathway, to minimize the impact of foot traffic on readings. However, increasing penetration resistance in these fields is likely due to two factors: drought and weediness. Penetrometer readings are moisture sensitive and drought would tend to increase hardness results. Root structures, especially the robust and fibrous root systems of grass type weeds, also present friction which can increased penetration resistance. Both the moisture sensitivity and root influence on PSI readings are known limitations of penetrometers as a tool for accurately evaluating soil hardness in the context of living plants.
While C1 and D8 penetration resistance increased over the course of the season, penetration resistance in D6 declined. This may be due to root friction related to cover crop maturity and weed pressure; C1 and D8 started out with low weed pressure in the first month after planting, and then developed substantially higher weed pressure than D6. The weed suppression in D6 was in part attributable to the greater maturity of the cover crop at the time of mowing, which provided longer spring and summer weed suppression. However, the rye in the mix, having more time to develop robust root systems, is likely the reason for higher penetration resistance than other plots from the first readings, as the more mature roots would create greater penetrometer friction than fields in which roots were less mature at the time of termination. It would also explain the significantly lower penetration resistance recorded later in the season, as the longer growing time would provide greater soil loosening effect and structure improvement; as those roots decayed, the resulting PSI was significantly lower than in the other two plots where cover crops were terminated at a stage in which root systems were less mature. Since the weed suppression was much better in D6, there was also less penetration resistance impact from weed roots at the end of the season, compared to D8 and C1.
If our interpretation of these results is correct, this represents an interesting trade-off in the timing of cover crop termination and mulch application in transferred mulch systems; more mature cover crops translate into greater N lockup, but potentially better soil health outcomes in terms of compaction mitigation, infiltration, and related benefits. The timing of cover crop termination is driven more by the crop planting schedule than the soil benefits, but factors such as N tie up are important to consider for crop management goals including N fertilization.
In order to tease these impacts out, it will be helpful to continue these observations in the coming years as weed pressure dynamics and soil moisture dynamics change from season to season.
Soil Health Assessment and Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health Test Results
Soil health assessment using NRCS In Field Soil Health Assessment (IFSHA) protocol revealed very similar soil health outcomes across sites, with the exception of soil structure, which was less platy in D8 than in C1 and D6. Aggregate stability was not assessed in the field; Cornell Soil Health lab provides a lab-based test and we considered this to be a more accurate test. Aggregate stability, as assessed by Cornell’s lab results, and soil compaction, as indicated by high penetration resistance and the presence of platy soil in two of the fields, were the primary resource concerns identified.
Table 2: Soil Health In Field Assessment Results. Green cells indicate that the field met assessment criteria, red cells did not.
|
Indicator |
C1 |
D8 |
D6 |
|
Soil Cover |
|
|
|
|
Residue Breakdown |
|
|
|
|
Surface crusts |
|
|
|
|
Ponding / Infiltration |
|
|
|
|
Penetration resistance |
|
|
|
|
Water stable aggregates * |
|
|
|
|
Soil structure |
|
|
|
|
Soil color |
|
|
|
|
Plant roots |
|
|
|
|
Biological diversity |
|
|
|
|
Biopores |
|
|
|
Table 3. Selected Cornell Soil Health Test Results
|
Sand % |
Silt % |
Clay % |
Total C |
Total N |
Active Carbon |
Respiration |
Aggregate stability |
Organic Matter |
CASH score |
|
|
C1 |
52 |
38 |
10 |
2.77 |
0.185 |
710 |
0.47 |
26 |
3.58 |
61 |
|
D8 |
47 |
43 |
10 |
3.029 |
0.192 |
706 |
0.46 |
26 |
3.87 |
68 |
|
D6 |
43 |
42 |
15 |
4.077 |
0.257 |
953 |
0.63 |
29 |
5.15 |
76 |
According to Cornell’s Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health (CASH) results, D6 showed overall the highest soil health indicators. Table 3 above provides selected results from the CASH test results. All soil health indicators were higher for D6, including total N, which we found interesting given that D6 had the lowest PSNT results throughout the season, indicating that the greater maturity of that cover crop may cause significant N tie up.
D6 also has the greatest percentage of clay, which may account for all of the increased soil health outcomes, given clay’s known properties of holding nutrients, water, and organic matter. We can’t know whether the greater cover crop maturity and longer days in living cover contributed to these higher soil health test results outcomes.
Education & Outreach Activities and Participation Summary
Participation Summary:
November 6, 2022 MOFGA Farmer to Farmer Conference, Organic No-Till Farming:
A Response to Climate Disruption
January 14, 2023, NOFA Winter Conference, Organic No-Till Farming:
A Response to Climate Disruption