Final report for FW23-416
Project Information
In Colorado's Upper Arkansas River Valley, agricultural producers are looking for innovative ways to improve soil health to build resilience against drought and other growing challenges. Currently, many farmers and ranchers rely heavily on off-farm inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and yields. This reliance is financially and environmentally costly and is a significant barrier to building economic and ecological resilience. High fungal compost is emerging as a biological soil amendment that can minimize/ reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers, and local interest in it is growing. However, unless agricultural producers can produce high fungal compost themselves with locally available ingredients, they remain dependent on expensive off-farm inputs, and at the mercy of market prices and availability.
This project explores the feasibility of producing high fungal vermicompost on-farm in a cost and labor effective way in the semi-arid, high mountain environment of the Upper Arkansas River Valley. Producers and researchers around the world are developing strategies for on-farm production of high fungal vermicompost, but there is no local model for doing so. This project recognizes the need for a local producer to trial a high fungal vermicomposting system, giving other farmers and ranchers a blueprint for producing their own soil amendments. This would help farmers and ranchers boost profits, build resilience, and reduce dependence on environmentally harmful synthetic fertilizers.
Building on knowledge gleaned from other on-farm composters, we will construct static pile vermicompost windrows with cheap and readily available local materials, adapting methods to fit our particular environment. The findings of this research will be disseminated to fellow producers and the broader community through workshops at the demonstration site, an instructional video series and how-to manual, and ongoing educational events coordinated with community partner organizations.
Research Objective 1: Trial on-farm windrow vermicomposting with locally available materials and evaluate product quality through compost testing.
Research Objective 2: Conduct a basic economic analysis comparing the cost of production of homemade vermicompost versus the purchase of off-farm inputs (synthetic fertilizer and commercial high fungal compost).
Education Objective 1: Increase awareness among local agricultural producers and community members about the biological approach to soil fertility and how biological soil amendments such as biodiverse, high fungal vermicompost can be used as alternatives to synthetic and other off-farm inputs.
Education Objective 2: Lower the knowledge barrier for producers interested in implementing their own on-farm windrow vermicomposting systems.
Cooperators
- - Technical Advisor
- (Educator)
- (Educator)
- (Educator)
Research
Research Objective 1: Trial on-farm windrow vermicomposting with locally available materials and evaluate product quality through compost testing.
Research Design
Windrow Construction: We drew on composting methods from Nicole Masters, Dr. David Johnson, and the Mosca-Hooper Conservation District to inform the construction of our vermicomposting windrows. We built two 15 foot long by 6 foot wide by 5 foot tall windrows. Following Nicole Masters’ recipe, we layered the following materials (using a tractor with a front loading bucket) on top of a geotextile fabric:
- 18 inch thick layer of white wood chips (chipped on site from dead Aspen trees) and hay. These are both stable, non-heating materials with a high C:N ratio. This will serve as the worm bedding.
- The next layer was the worm food, 24 inches thick consisting of a mix of horse manure, goat manure (from neighboring farms) and rotten straw/hay (from Watershed Ranch), aiming for a 30:1 Carbon: Nitrogen ratio (measured by volume). We added small amounts of lime, fish hydrolysate, humic acid, coffee grounds, commercially produced high fungal compost, and forest leaf litter collected from the ranch as additional inoculants to promote worm digestion and microbial biodiversity.
- The final layer was 6-24 inches of dry hay for insulation in the winter (24 in) and to trap moisture in the summer (6 inches).
We watered the layers to a 70% moisture content as we added them to the windrows, and set up the watering system to maintain 70% compost moisture, per Dr. Johnson’s instructions. The windrows were winterized in late fall by adding 12-18 inches of hay to the top of the piles and covering them. This was shown to be sufficient to insulate and feed worms throughout the winter at temperatures below -30 degrees fahrenheit.
Temperature and moisture were monitored daily until the windrows completed their thermophilic phase, and the temperature stabilized to approximately 80 degrees Fahrenheit and below. We then added Red Wiggler worms (1,000 worms/ 3 feet of windrow) to begin the vermicomposting stage. At this point, windrow temperature and moisture data was then collected weekly.
Variables: All conditions between the two compost piles were kept constant, with the exception of aeration. We tested whether the action of the worms provided sufficient aeration, or if extra aeration benefits the vermicomposting process. To introduce extra aeration into one windrow, we installed three inch pipe (breather vents) with additional holes drilled every six inches upright in the windrow, with 12-15 inch spacing between the pipes (per the Mosca-Hooper Conservation District’s static pile fungal rich vermicomposting method). The other pile relied on the base materials of wood chips and hay and the action of the worms for aeration, according to the method taught by Nicole Masters. The difference in progress and results between the two piles was measured via compost sampling and video-recorded visual observations. A backup aeration system was installed on the Nicole Masters windrow consisting of 6 inch irrigation pipes with 2 inch perpendicular offshoots that lie at the base of the pile. When needed, a solar fan blew air through the base of the pile and into the wood chips. This backup system was never needed.
Project Site: The windrows were constructed at Watershed Ranch, on a flat and sunny piece of land. Though compost leachate is not expected, the windrows will be situated to avoid any potential water contamination should leachate occur.
Data Collection: We recorded daily windrow temperature and moisture readings for the first few weeks, until the windrows have completed the thermophilic phase. We then took weekly temperature and moisture readings with a 36 inch compost moisture/ thermometer probe as well as a Colorado State University IOT electronic probe. We took compost samples at 4 months, 8 months, and 1 year. These samples were submitted for laboratory analysis.
Data Analysis
Compost samples were analyzed as follows:
- Ward Laboratories, Inc: Soil Health Assessment (Nutrient analysis, total nitrogen, total carbon, and inorganic nitrogen)
- Earthfort Labs: Compost Basic Test (moisture percentage, pH, electrical conductivity, aerobic and total fungi and bacteria, protozoa, and nematodes). NOTE: Earthfort Labs came under new ownership/management and lost the ability to identify and count nematodes. As of this last month (11/2025), they were also not accepting online payment.
This data was used to analyze our product’s nutrient profile, C:N ratio, fungi:bacteria ratio, and how these metrics change over time as the windrows mature. Annie Overlin, our research collaborator, worked with a Colorado State University microbiologist on sample analysis and determined the quality of the vermicompost. Data from the lab analyses were compared to compost sampling data from the Mosca-Hooper Conservation District's commercial high fungal vermicomposting facility, in order to compare the quality of on-farm versus commercially produced compost.
Continuing Research: The windrow vermicomposting trial was replicated in Spring 2024, with the assembly of two new windrows. We followed the same research design. Year 2 windrows were monitored, sampled, and analyzed according to the same methods used in Year 1.
Research Objective 2: Conduct a basic economic analysis comparing the cost of production of homemade vermicompost versus the purchase of off-farm inputs (synthetic fertilizer and commercial high fungal compost).
Data Collection: We tracked all material and labor costs associated with building and maintaining the windrows.
Data Analysis: Based on the cost of making on-farm vermicompost and the recommended rates of application, we calculated a price per acre. We compared this to current synthetic fertilizer and commercial high fungal compost prices. While this was not be a complete economic analysis utilizing yield data, it gives producers a realistic idea of how much it costs to produce on-farm vermicompost, and their potential savings compared to the synthetic option.
Research Results Objective 1: Trial on-farm windrow vermicomposting with locally available materials and evaluate product quality through compost testing.
Temperature Data: Modified Bioreactor
3-12-2024 Bioreactor Compost Temperature Data (year 1)
3-12-2025 Bioreactor Compost Temperature Data (year 1 updated and complete)
3-11-25 Year 2 Bioreactor Temps
Year 1 and 2 Modified Bioreactor Lab Results:
10-17-2023 Earthfort Compost Bioreactor 4 month sample results
2-1-24 Earthfort Compost Bioreactor 8 month sample results
3-12-24 Ward Scientific Lab Results (8 months)
3-11-25 Ward Labs Compost Analysis (12 mo)
3-11-25 Earthfort Bioreactor 12 month
3-11-25 Earthfort YR 2 Bioreactor 5 month
7-15-25 Earthfort YR 2 Bioreactor 8 month
11-15-25 Earthfort Yr 2 Bioreactor 12 month
In Year One, the Bioreactor Compost Pile achieved thermophilic temps within the first two to three weeks of creation hovering around 131 degrees, eventually settling into the low 70's. Worms were added at that time and the pile continued to slowly cool as the air temps cooled. Unfortunately the pile underwent some freezing temps on the northern side. Temps on the southern side stayed above freezing and moisture levels remained around 70% throughout the winter under the cover of a foot of hay and black landscape fabric. When collecting soil samples at 4 and 8 months, I was able to find red wiggler worms moving slowly at different depths in the pile. From March through May the pile remained in the upper 30's as air temps increased. Red wigglers were again found moving slowly when the pile was broken down. Based on previous pallet sized bioreactors built, there appeared to be far fewer live worms than I have had in past bioreactors. I speculate that many of the worms died over the winter freeze.
When comparing the 4 month sample to the 8 month sample, we see many positive numbers and trends. Moisture and pH stay consistent, electric conductivity increases, total fungi, protozoa, and nematode levels are above typical and trending upwards except total fungi which remained very close to the same from month 4 to month 8. Unfortunately, our 12 month results showed a dramatic drop in protozoa and a noticeable decrease in fungi with the fungi to bacteria ratio dropping below 2. These are indicators that the pile and its microbes did not do well through the winter as we were hoping to see a fungi to bacteria ratio in the 3 to 4 range. The freezing temperatures may have been too much for our microbes to survive and thrive.
The Year 2 Bioreactor build took place in July this year after a long spring along with breaking down and spreading/liquifying the year 1 pile. That being said, we saw a long two-month period of thermophilic temperatures in the 120's to 140's. This year, the pile did not freeze quite like last year as we have had a milder winter and I added more hay to the top and sides of the pile. Worms were seen again moving slowly when samples were taken. The 5 month samples showed excellent signs of microbial activity highlighted by total fungi in the 2500 range and protozoa numbers near 300,000. Electric conductivity is also high in the 300's. Both eight and twelve month samples showed increases in fungi and protozoa bringing the fungi/bacteria ratio to a 4:1--putting this batch on par with that of the Mosca-Hooper Bioreactor I had intended to recreate from the start--very exciting to see!
Temperature Data and General Observations: Windrow Compost:
3-12-24 Windrow Compost Temperature Data Year 1 Report
3-11-25 Windrow Compost Temperature Data Year 1 Report (complete)
3-11-25 Windrow Compost Temperature Data Year 2 Report
Windrow Lab Results at 4 and 8 months:
11--23 Earthfort Compost Windrow 4 month sample results
3-1-24 Earthfort Windrow Compost 8 month lab results
3-11-25 Earthfort Windrow Compost 12 month 3-11-25
3-12-24 Ward Scientific Lab Results (8 months)
3-11-25 Ward Labs Compost Analysis (12 mo)
Earthfort YR 2 Windrow 5 month
Earthfort YR 2 Windrow 8 month
Earthfort YR 2 Windrow 12 month
In Year 1, the Windrow Compost Pile, even after 2 rebuilds and added nitrogen boosts never achieved temperatures in the thermophilic phase. The highest temperature achieved was 82 degrees. Despite my best efforts (as documented in the attached YouTube videos), I introduced the worms around 80 degrees and moved forward with the experiment with some worry and skepticism. Similar to the modified bioreactor, temps in the pile slowly cooled as air temperature cooled ultimately showing a low of 44 degrees in late February and early March. When collecting soil samples at 4 and 8 months, red wigglers were present and moving slowly at different depths and layers in the pile. From March through June the windrow maintained a steady temperature near the low 40's. Worms were seen slowly moving when samples were taken.
In comparing the 4 and 8 month samples, we see many signs of stability and fungal and microbe growth. pH and moisture levels are a constant. Electric Conductivity nearly quadrupled and fungal and protozoa numbers nearly doubled from month 4 to month 8. We hope to see these same trends at 12 months. As the weather warmed, so too did the activity in the bioreactor showing dramatic increases in total fungi boosting the fungi/bacteria ratio into the 3's. Protozoas climbed into the 300,000's. Thousands and thousands of red wigglers were present and active when the pile was broken up in June. I ended up using this pile to inoculate the Year 2 compost.
In year two, the new windrow had no problem heating up to thermophilic state. To my surprise, it stayed above 100 degrees for almost a month despite my best efforts to inject more moisture into its insides. Because of this slow and constant heat, I was unable to introduce the worm until late August when temps cooled down. Our 5 month Earthfort sample shows a good fungi to bacteria ratio (2:1) however the protozoa numbers are very low. At eight and twelve months respectively, total fungi dropped below 1500ug/g as did the fungi to bacteria ration (1.5:1). This windrow did not experience the same success this year as last, nor did it do as well as the modified bioreactor next to it.
I was hoping these last two years of making compost and collecting data would conclusively make me a believer in either the "windrow" or the "bioreactor" method. Unfortunately, it appears I have succeeded and failed at both. On a positive note, both years did in fact produce high fungal compost--just differing results from each pile over the course of the two years.
Research Results Objective 2: Conduct a basic economic analysis comparing the cost of production of homemade vermicompost versus the purchase of off-farm inputs (synthetic fertilizer and commercial high fungal compost).
Watershed Ranch Time and Materials Year 1 Data Collection
Bioreactor Time and Materials: 36.5 hours of manpower, $1,345 dollars to create approximately 4,000lbs of finished compost. That's roughly .34 cents per pound of compost.
Windrow Time and Materials: 27 hours of manpower, $1,060 dollars to create approximately 4,000lbs of finished compost. That's roughly .26 cents per pound of compost.
Raw Compost and Fertilizer Price per Pound Comparison:
| Compost/Fertilizer: | Cost per pound: |
| Watershed Ranch, Bioreactor | .34 cents with no pickup/delivery costs; .75 cents with my hours baked in |
| Watershed Ranch, Windrow Compost | .26 cents with no pickup/delivery costs; .57 cents with my hours baked in |
| The Fungal Link (Dave West) | $3 plus a day drive and $150 in fuel. |
| Synthetic Pellet Fertilizer | $1.60 including delivery |
Based on the above information alone, the cost to make my own raw product is dramatically lower than any of the other alternatives. Even when working my time at $45 dollars an hour into the equation, both Watershed compost products come in at .75 cents and .57 cents respectively per pound.
As it relates to field applications and turning the raw compost into extracts, here is the breakdown by acre. . .
| Compost/Fertilizer | Application Rate: | Cost per acre: |
| Synthetic Fertilizer ($1.60/lb) | 150lbs - 200lbs per acre | $240-$320 per acre |
| The Fungal Link High Fungal Compost ($3/lb) |
Mix 3lbs/10 gallons of water; Recommended 20-100 gallons of mixture per acre |
$18-90 per acre depending on quantity applied |
| Watershed Bioreactor including farmer time to construct (.74 cents/lb) |
Mixture same as above |
$4.50 -$22.50 per acre |
| Watershed Windrow including farmer time to construct (.57 cents/lb) |
Mixture same as above |
$3.42 - $17.10 per acre |
Again, we see a dramatic reduction in cost with the DIY Watershed compost product.
Year 2: All values above hold true in year 2.
Pulling It All Together: While physically more challenging to make and .17 cents more per pound to produce then the windrow compost, the modified bioreactor produced that desired 4:1 fungi-bacteria ratio in year 2 I was hoping to achieve.
Research Outcomes
Finding ways to migrate away from synthetic chemical fertilizers has been a passion of mine since Covid hit. For one, prices of fertilizers skyrocketed as the world and its supply chain came to a crawl. And secondly, I wanted a product made in the USA and not mostly overseas and mostly in Russia. For these reasons I, along with my friend at the local conservancy, partnered up to see what greatness we could conjure up locally and from mostly on-farm waste. What I have learned through this SARE grant process is what I assumed all along--that there are plenty of very intelligent local resources in the ag world that are accessible. This grant is not just producing quality compost at a very cheap cost, it's connecting me, a newbie of 9 years in the farming industry, with experts in the field passionate about long-term sustainability. I was craving this and have already found many others locally wanting the same.
I have also learned that when you can find a way to make a quality product on the cheap in agriculture, that can break down many political barriers and boundaries that often divide the new and the old farmer in my part of the world.
Another one of my aims with this SARE grant was to produce compost not only for my hay fields but for the backyard gardener as well. Similar to the social and economic goals of a farmers' market, I am aiming to become a presence not only in the agriculture world but in the mainstream as well. I am aiming to cut out the middle man and the big box store in order to create a more economical price-point for myself and my fellow gardeners while becoming their "local expert" in ag education and making our farm and other farms in the valley less mysterious and more open to the public.
The elephant in the room when it comes to my compost and its application method on a large scale. . . does it actually work? Meaning, does it lead to better soil health and/or growth long term?
Over the last two years in the STAR Producer program, I have used another farmer's compost (The Fungal Link) and created extracts in a large 225 gallon tote and spilled them onto my fields in differing quantities and concentrations. Year One lab results/soil samples were all over the place. Year One yields were very low compared to the synthetic fertilizer plots. Year two plots showed signs of improvements both with microbial growth and yields (however at the recommendation of STAR, clover was introduced and seeded into the plot adding another variable to consider when evaluating yield).
As this grant is meant to educate and promote soil health, I cannot help but think of the skeptics and what might turn them into believers. The data most farmers in our valley want to see is yield per acre or cost of inputs per bale of hay. Unfortunately, from my STAR producer experiments I have come to realize the yields from extract applications I have seen over the last two years with synthetic vs high fungal compost (The Fungal Link) are 5:1 in some cases but mostly a 3:1 hay yield leaning towards synthetic.
In the years to come, I hope to consistently produce a fabulous high fungal compost that will reduce my (and others) dependency on synthetic chemical fertilizers that travel a long way to get onto our fields. If/when achieved, I will be very excited to not only use the product myself but to share it with the community!! But, my ultimate goal as a hay farmer is figuring out the best application method of organic nutrients on a grand scale (hundreds of acres). More time, research, and experimentation will tell.
Considerations for further and future data collection, manipulation, and experimentation: (1) after the hay season, determine a price per bale of hay--i.e. quantity of hay/product yield correlated with fertilizer types and/or application methods, (2)determine quality of hay (metagenomics) correlated with fertilizer types, and (3) long-term soil testing to determine how the different products are affecting the long-term health of the soil.
Other variables to consider testing/manipulating in the future would be (1) tunnel or greenhouse for one of the compost piles to better regulate temp/humidity, (2) compost specific types of manure (3) compost different ages of manure.
Through these SARE years, I have had many inquiries into purchasing the compost locally and as far as Denver. Being uncertain of the quality, I gave quite a bit away to friends and other local farmers to test out in their gardens. Though there wasn't much in the realm of scientific studies, one farmer (Meadows Edge Farms) stated they used it as a soil amendment and saw better growth in the composted areas vs noncomposted. I will continue to explore more opportunities like these as I feel more comfortable with the product I am developing. I will also continue to do my own plot studies on the farm and on a small scale in the classroom with my students.
Over the last two summers, I have applied my compost in varying quantities and locations on my hay fields this year in liquid form. I also carved out a 15x15 plot and applied the compost in solid state. I saw no noticeable difference in yield or density in the spray vs. the solid plots. I will continue to monitor and experiment. I am cautiously optimistic that there may be no difference when it comes to application method. This would be a great revelation because liquefaction is more cost and time effective than trying to create a football field sized compost pile to then manually spread across 60 acres of hay fields.
Education and Outreach
Career day celebration at Avery Parsons Elementary School.
Fall and spring units at the Elementary School (Discovery Class--385 students weekly)
Participation Summary:
SARE Project Timeline Update:
3-14-24 SARE-Timeline Update Year 1 Progress
3-11-25 SARE-Timeline Update Year 2
11-30-2025 Year 3 Updated Timeline: Complete
Education Objective 1: Increase awareness among local agricultural producers and community members about the biological approach to soil fertility and how biological soil amendments such as biodiverse, high fungal vermicompost can be used as alternatives to synthetic and other off-farm inputs.
- Vermicomposting Presentation and Agrisummit Tour at Watershed Ranch, March 8-11, 2023; Spring 2024 (Target Audience: community members and producers), Spring 2025 (to come)
We partnered with Guidestone Colorado, a local agricultural education non-profit, to host multiple tours as part of their annual Agrisummit Conference. These events drew 80-100 participants from diverse backgrounds, ranging from curious community members to backyard gardeners to farmers to local food enthusiasts. This tour centered around our efforts to build healthy soil on the ranch by focusing on soil biology and moving away from synthetic inputs. While the 2023 Agrisummit tour happened before we received notice of this grant, and the vermicomposting windrows were not built yet, tour participants were educated about the potential project and learned about the principles behind it through observing our Johnson-Su bioreactor and small-scale worm bins. - Collaboration with Guidestone continued in the Spring 2024 and 25 with the Agrisummit Conference, during which we lead windrow and bioreactor vermicomposting workshops at Watershed Ranch while presenting our project findings. Powerpoint presentation link below (slides 37-51)
- 2024 Watershed Ranch Agrisummit-Rick Bieterman
- Media Outreach and Communication
We wrote two articles (initial project announcement, June 2023; project results, June 2025) for local Conservation District newsletters (Lake County Conservation District, Fremont County Conservation District, Upper Arkansas Conservation District) and the Central Colorado Conservancy agriculture programs newsletter. Members of the local media will also be invited to attend all project outreach events. - 3-24-23 Central Colorado Conservancy Blog Post and Website Update
3-11-25 Article to be published in Wester SARE Magazine with Steve Elliot
Fungal Compost-Draft Watershed Ranch (Steve Elliot) 1.0 (1)
6-27-25 SARE podcast with Stacie Clary and Steve Elliot
- I have partnered with The Midland Stop Coffee Shop taking all their spent coffee grains for the compost piles. Below is the card they proudly display next to the register.
From Grounds to Ground Notecard Laminate
More Education and Outreach:
- School Field Trips to Watershed Ranch and In-School Lecture/Labs (Quarterly- Fall 2023, Spring 2024, Fall 2024, Spring 2025, Fall 2025)
Watershed Ranch has many connections to the public and private schools in Buena Vista, and has already hosted numerous school field trips. The ranch continues to be an educational resource for the school district, and we have added to the curriculum a hands-on soil science excursion utilizing the compost piles. Students in high school ecology and biology now have an outdoor classroom to learn and get excited about the wonderful world of soil microbes, as well as gain an appreciation for the many ecosystem services that agricultural lands provide. And, now that the vermicompost from this project is ready, Watershed Ranch leads “take and make” experiments in the classrooms comparing growth rates of native grasses and flowers in traditional high mountain soils to those in soils with high fungal windrow compost amendments. To date, Watershed Ranch has hosted 6 separate school groups--public and private. We have talked compost (utilizing the 2024 Agrisummit powerpoint above, handled red wigglers, and dug into both compost heaps searching for worms and microbes under a microscope. We have utilized pieces of the lesson plan below and adapted it to grade level. Two school groups now have invested in their own red wiggler compost bin and worms and are composting in their cafeterias!
In The Buena Vista Public Schools. . .
- Career Fair, In April 2024: I attended the elementary school career fair and present with Central Colorado Conservancy on our SARE grant with worm interactives, compost art (organic finger paint), and "under the microscope" activities. The career fair had a turnout of over 100 students and parents. Each student made side by side seed starters--native soil vs native soil with vermicompost. Students took these home and were told to place them side-by-side and water at the same rate.
- Discovery Class @ Avery Parsons Elementary: In 2024, I took a part-time job at the elementary school teaching Discovery--a science/nature/DIY class that meets once a week. Below are three lessons I incorporated into our science curriculum.
- Lesson 1: We had a fall unit that began with with a hands on vermicompost week in which students got familiar with red wigglers and their eating habits. We constructed a lab in which red wigglers were placed in a jar along with two types of food (bananas and carrots) with similar weight. After a week, we weighed out the food and determined which food the red wigglers preferred. Bananas seem to always win!
- Lesson 2: Using an IOT kit from a grant funded CSU soil science project, students measured temperature and humidity of three different types of soil (native, store bought top soil, and home-made vermicompost) over a 24 hour period. The goal was to see which soil held water best and maintained temperature most consistently.
- Lesson 3: In March, we spent two days creating seed starters for the upcoming growing season. Some starters utilized my compost while others utilized store bought starter soil. We compared/contrasted the growth while keeping water, sunshine, and temps constant.
Education Objective 2: Lower the knowledge barrier for local agricultural producers interested in implementing their own on farm windrow vermicomposting systems.
- Soil Health Field Day at Watershed Ranch (June 2024 and 25; Target Audience: local agricultural producers).
This event took place as part of a combined farm tour of Northern Chaffee County. Attendance in 2024 consisted of 35 students, most of which were local farmers along with 3 soil scientists who were very excited to see the 1 year samples and Earthfort tests in hand. The group suggested doing plots of solid vermicompost vs extract to "see what happens". I took their advice and had many of them out again in June of 2025 as a farm tour follow-up. - Produce a how-to technical manual detailing equipment, costs, and procedures for building an on-farm windrow vermicomposting system. Print and distribute to any interested producer. This manual will also be available for free on-line, through CSU Extension’s website, for distribution through local Conservation Districts, and at the local NRCS office.
DIY "no turn" Hi-Fungal Windrow Compost Guide (with embedded videos)
DIY Hi-Fungal Modified Johnson Su Bioreactor Guide (with embedded videos)
- Produce a how-to video series that documents all the steps of building an on-farm windrow vermicomposting system. These videos will be available on CSU Extension’s YouTube channel (current videos about commercial scale high fungal composting on the channel have received almost 100,000 views, demonstrating the need for producing more resources on the topic) and local conservation district websites and social media.
- Watershed Ranch - YouTube
Education Objective 1: Increase awareness among local agricultural producers and community members about the biological approach to soil fertility and how biological soil amendments such as biodiverse, high fungal vermicompost can be used as alternatives to synthetic and other off-farm inputs.
Education Objective 2: Lower the knowledge barrier for producers interested in implementing their own on-farm windrow vermicomposting systems.
To date, we have many satisfied ranch goers, local gardeners, landscaping crews, and a golf course superintendent looking to broaden their education and experience in the field of agriculture. Emerging themes we notice when people attend our ranch tours and workshops are that they are impressed at (1) the diversity of accomplishments in just 8 years on the property, (2) how many agency partners we have, (3) how many government dollars we have utilized and leveraged, and that we do it (4) while being part-time and holding other careers.
In terms of environment, the best lessons and feedback happen at our Ranch. Students of all ages are engaged in the beauty of the property which then hooks them into comprehending how and why Watershed Ranch is so beautiful--i.e. water, soil experiments, and forest health. When it comes to the virtual environment, I am still learning. YouTube has proven to be a great place to post videos and gain exposure with the younger generation. It's also a great place for people to explore their curiosities in a free low stake's manner. I do link to the videos online but more so speak to them and reference them when actively teaching.
Because of these ranch tours, I have developed a cohort of three other land managers (vegetable farmer, outdoor educator on a large ranch, and golf course superintendent). We continue to check in monthly and discuss operations and land management. We have all joined as partners in a CSU grant to test their latest IOT kits (probe that measures temp, moisture, electric conductivity, CO2) and we all now have our very own "demonstration tables" that utilize probeware and AI to conduct yearlong experiments of growing in the classroom. My setup investigates plant growth in traditional potting soil vs plant growth in potting soil with vermicompost amendments.
In terms of age groups, I find the goal with elementary and middle school students is to build excitement and interest and to create a "take and make" so students can bring them home and show off/explain what they learned to their parents. The goal with the high school students is to gauge interest in the field, explain the composting process, and to get these students evaluating their behaviors as they relate to the environment. The goal of the adults in the field is to network and pick their brains, but to also impress them with my consistency, use of the scientific method, and routine. Coming off as a professional to the professionals indicates quality and inspires others to get involved! We often spend more time looking at the lab paperwork with this group followed by materials and methods questions.
One unforeseen pleasant surprise through this process has been finding dependable and interested high school summertime employees for the ranch--many whom have attended field trips or who have had family members attend and made the connections and introductions. In a time and place where agricultural lands continue to be replaced with second homes in our valley, these moments make me proud to be a farmer and determined to find sustainable and economical solutions to farming that compete and/or compliment with other careers and landscapes emerging in the valley.
In terms of socioeconomics, I always prioritize the public school system because they have the highest concentration of underserved youth in the valley. And, we (Watershed) never charge a fee when working with Agrisummit or hosting our own classes/workshops. We believe our ranch and our knowledge should be accessible to all walks of life.
Education and Outreach Outcomes
As a former full-time science teacher and a current part-time teacher, I feel very comfortable talking science in front of groups both in and out of the classroom, young and old, experienced or not. I believe the best way to communicate the science behind the project is to meet people where they're at and follow a SEE, SAY, DO method. First, see the compost (macro and micro) compared to our other local soils. Second, explain in words, pics, data, and diagrams the science behind it. And lastly, interact with the product--touch it, feel it, experiment with it.
At Watershed Ranch, I now have numerous stations around the farm set up to explain all of our works in progress. Specific to compost, I have 6 stations beginning with the classroom and worms in the old potato shed, moving to the forest of raw materials (logs from a forest management project, a sawmill, wood chips from the chipper, manure from the chicken coop), moving to the hay shed, down to the compost, up the creek along the irrigation system, and circling back towards the house for a look at the brewing, extraction, and application station. Ranch tours and student groups get a "willy wonka" experience and when time allows, they can plant starters in a compostable cup before heading off to their home inspired to experiment more.
When the show goes on the road, we take the worms with us, the moisture meters and thermometers, a variety of soils and composts, and a planting kit. For example at the career night in the public elementary school (in a rural underserved community), student will begin their lesson by meeting and feeding the worms, feeling the different soils we have on the property, applying water to them, squeezing them to make note of moisture retention. Then, adding compost to the soils and repeating. Next, students will write their names with their wet soils, including an all compost mix. They should notice the rich dark compost makes for the best writing tool! A conversation about organics and humus follows. Lastly, students prep a soil and compost mix and sow a local seed suitable to our climate (from our pollinator habitat mix).
In addition to the classroom and ranch tours, I have developed a set of video clips that shows the process of making each style of compost and shows the compost and its evolution throughout the year. I encourage people that show interest to follow up our classroom time or ranch visit by watching the videos over the next week and contacting me directly if they have a desire to create their own on a large or small scale. Not only do these quick video clips outline the step-by-step process of constructing compost, the short format attracts a curious random crowd of youtubers often surfing the web.
Alternatives to expensive synthetic fertilizers "that sometimes don't work"
Excitement about a NO Turn Compost--"it seems fairly easy"
Becoming more drought tolerant
Cost Benefit Analysis of compost vs synthetic, high vs low yields, quality vs quantity
There are tremendous and accessible resources available to us in this valley and beyond.
Excitement about developing an experiment on a small piece of land of managable size and scale.