Final report for GS20-228

Summary:

Phytophthora root rot causes major economic losses in woody ornamental nurseries, especially in plants exposed to flooding. Ambrosia beetles, which attack stressed trees, are also important pests of woody plants. Effective Phytophthora fungicides, biofungicides are needed due to the increased risk of infestation and spread during flooding. Since ambrosia beetles also are associated with flooded woody ornamentals, understanding effect of alternative strategies such as fungicide, kaolin, charcoal, verbenone, etc. on these secondary pests are important. The specific objectives include evaluation preventive and curative applications of fungicides for control of P. cinnamomi and ambrosia beetles on containerized flowering dogwoods exposed to a simulated root flooding events of 1, 3, or 7 days and integration of alternative strategies (fungicide, kaolin, charcoal, verbenone, etc.) to optimize Phytophthora cinnamomi and ambrosia beetle management on woody ornamentals exposed to simulated flood events.

Project Objectives:

The specific objectives include evaluation preventive and curative applications of fungicides for control of P. cinnamomi and ambrosia beetles on containerized flowering dogwoods exposed to a simulated root flooding events of 1, 3, or 7 days and integration of alternative strategies (fungicide, kaolin, charcoal, verbenone, etc.) to optimize Phytophthora cinnamomi and ambrosia beetle management on woody ornamentals exposed to simulated flood events.

Objective 1- Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi during simulated root flooding events using fungicides and biofungicides

The purpose of this objective is to evaluate fungicides, biofungicides, or host plant defense inducers for preventive and curative control of P. cinnamomi on flowering dogwood seedlings (Cornus florida L.) exposed to a simulated root flooding event of 1, 3, or 7 days.

Objective 2- Integration of sustainable alternative strategies to optimize Phytophthora cinnamomi and ambrosia beetle management

The purpose of this objective is to optimize management of Phytophthora root rot and ambrosia beetles by using alternative strategies such as fungicide/biofungicide (selected from Objective 1), kaolin, charcoal, verbenone, etc.

Materials and methods:

Objective 1: Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi during simulated root flooding events using fungicides and biofungicides

The first trial of the study was conducted in a greenhouse setting at the Tennessee State University Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center in McMinnville, TN. One year old stratified seeds of dogwood Cornus florida L. ‘Chrerokee Princess’ were seeded in Morton’s Grow Mix #2 (Canadian sphagnum peat [60%], vermiculite [20%], and perlite [20%], average substrate bulk density 144 kg/m3: Morton’s Horticultural Products, McMinnville, TN). After a month, the seedlings were transplanted to 10.2 cm pots containing potting substrate (Morton’s Nursery Mix: Processed Pine Bark [55%-65%], Canadian Sphagnum peat and Sand : Morton’s Horticultural Products, McMinnville, TN). A month after transplantation, the seedlings were arranged in a completely randomized block design and treatments were drench applied. Six replications per treatment were used with two controls: non-treated inoculated control (positive control) and non-treated non-inoculated control (negative control).

Preventative Treatment: Treatments were applied in two different timings: 3 weeks before flooding and 1 week before flooding. A list of the treatments is given in Table 1. Seedlings were inoculated three days before flooding using rice grain inoculum of P. cinnamomi. Two rice grains per pot were buried on opposite sides of the plant, 5 cm below the surface of potting substrate. Three days after the inoculation, the seedlings were flooded with the help of Zip-Top bags to prevent water loss. The water was drained after 1, 3 and 7 days. After draining the water, the seedlings were irrigated regularly for 2 minutes daily using over-head irrigation. Fifteen days after draining water, the study was terminated. Growth data parameters were recorded during the initial and final stages of the study. The root systems were assessed for root rot severity using visual observation ranking disease on a scale of 0-100%. The recovery percentage of the pathogen was also recorded by plating the root samples (~ 1 cm) from each plant (5 cuttings per plant). PARPH-V8 was prepared by centrifuging the mixture of 0.5 g CaCO3 (98% Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), 50 ml V8 juice (Campbell, Camden, NJ) for 10 min at 8,000 rpm. 450 ml of deionized water was added to the buffered and clarified V8 juice with 7.5 g of agar (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and autoclaved for 15 min. After autoclaving, 500 µL of the fungicide and antibiotics [pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) (99% (GC) Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) (0.63 g/50 ml ethanol), ampicillin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) (1.25 g/50 ml ethanol), rifampicin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) (0.05 g/50 ml ethanol), pimaricin (2.5%) (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA), and hymexazol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) (250 mg/50 ml sterilized water)] were added to the medium to make Phytophthora selective media.

Curative Treatment: All of the seedlings were flooded on the same day. Three days before flooding, seedlings were inoculated using rice grain inoculum similar to the preventative application. After the flooding, water was drained out in 1, 3 and 7 days, respectively. Treatments were applied 24 hr. after the water was drained as a drench application. All treatments in Table 1 were applied except Actigard, MBI110, ON Gard and RootShied Plus. All treatments were applied more than twice except Subdue MAXX. The curative treatment study was terminated 15 days after the last application of Subdue MAXX, following the 10-week application interval. Data recording parameters were similar to those used in the preventative treatment study. Evaluation of root rot severity and percent recovery of P. cinnamomi were carried out in the same way as the preventative treatment.

Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using SAS statistical software. All recorded data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Means were separated using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) test in Generalized Linear Model (GLM).

Objective 2: Integration of sustainable alternative strategies to optimize Phytophthora cinnamomi and ambrosia beetle management

This study was conducted at the outdoor setting of Otis L.Floyd Nursery Research Center in McMinnville, TN next to a wooded area to observe the effects of ambrosia beetles. Commercially available dogwood trees (Cornus florida L.) were used in this study. Four products, Subdue MAXX, Permethrin, Charcoal and Kaolin, were used for seven different treatments. Non-treated, inoculated plants and non-treated, non-inoculated plants were considered as controls. The list of the treatments and their application rate is given in Table 11. The dogwood trees were sorted according to their diameter and measured with a caliper reading. Trees with more than 14 cm diameter were used. After sorting, they were arranged in a completely randomized block design with six replications for each treatment. Subdue MAXX was drench applied 21 days before pathogen inoculation. P. cinnamomi was used to inoculate as a rice grain inoculum, with four rice grains per container. One day after inoculation, Permethrin was sprayed over the trunks of the trees. Three days after inoculation, the trees were flooded using the polythene bags to ensure water stayed in the container. Two days after flooding, Charcoal + Kaolin was sprayed over the trunks of the trees. The study was terminated after 21 days of flooding. All treatments had both inoculated and non-inoculated trees with six replications of each treatment.

Plant growth data were recorded during the start and end of the study. Ambrosia beetle attacks were recorded every other day using different color wax pencils. Root systems were assessed at the end of the study to record root rot using visual observation on a scale of 0-100%. Percent recovery of the pathogen was recorded by placing the root subsample (~1 cm) in PARPH-V8 media (10 roots per plant). The data on pathogen recovery were recorded after a week of root plating. The procedure for making PARPH-V8 is similar to objective 1.

Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using SAS statistical software. Plant growth data, disease severity and percent recovery of the pathogen were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Generalized Linear Model (GLM), whereas ambrosia beetle attacks were analyzed using Genmod.

Research results and discussion:

Objective 1:

Preventative Treatments: In the preventative study, one week before flooding, all treatments were able to significantly suppress the disease severity compared to the inoculated control in one day flooding (Table 2). Alliete, Empress Intrinsic, Segovis, Subdue MAXX and Interface had lower Phytophthora root rot as compared to the positive control and was comparable with the negative control. In one day of flooding, no significant differences were found in plant width increase among the treatments. However, Signature Xtra had the highest plant height increase and total plant weight. Along with Signature Xtra, Aliette and Interface had the highest total plant weight. Additionally, Interface also had highest root weight among the treatments.

Within three days of flooding, all treatments significantly suppressed P. cinnamomi as compared to the positive control (Table 3). Alliete had the greatest height increase, and Actiguard and RootShield Plus had the greatest average width increase. Similarly, Signature Xtra had the greatest root and total weight among the treatments. Within seven days of flooding, all treatments except Interface significantly reduced the pathogen compared to the positive control (Table 4). No significant differences were observed in plant height increase and average width increase among the treatments. Alliete, RootShield Plus and Signature Xtra had the greatest total weight and root weight among the treatments.

In the preventative study, three weeks before flooding, all treatments except MBI110 significantly suppressed disease compared to the positive control (Table 5). Signature Xtra had the greatest plant height increase and ON Gard had the greatest average plant width, root weight and total weight increase. Along with ON Gard, Signature Xtra and Interface had higher root weight among the fungicidal treatments in one day of flooding. Within three days of flooding, all treatments except MBI110 and Interface significantly suppressed the disease severity as compared to the positive control (Table 6). Signature Xtra had the greatest plant height increase and Alliete, MBI110, Subdue MAXX, Signature Xtra and Tartan had greatest average plant width increases among the fungicidal treatments. Similarly, Signature Xtra had the greatest plant total weight and root weight increase among the treatments. Within seven days of flooding, all treatments except MBI110 and Interface had significantly suppressed the disease severity compared to the positive control (Table 7). ON Gard had the highest plant height increase, total weight and root weight among the treatments. Alliete and ON Gard had the highest average plant width increases among the treatments. No phytotoxicity was observed during the study.

Curative treatments: Within one day of flooding, all treatments significantly suppressed Phytophthora root rot compared to the positive control (Table 8). Interface had the greatest plant height increase, average width increase, plant total weight and root weight increase among the treatments. Within three days of flooding, all treatments significantly suppressed the disease severity compared to the inoculated control (Table 9). Similar to one day of flooding, Interface had the greatest plant height increase, average width increase, plant total weight and root weight among the treatments. Within seven days of flooding, all treatments significantly suppressed the disease severity compared to the positive control but none of them were statistically similar to the negative control (Table 10). Pageant had the greatest plant height increase, average plant width increase, total plant weight and root weight among the treatments. No phytotoxicity was observed during the study.

Objective 2:

Among the treatments, inoculated non-treated (positive) control had the highest disease severity whereas non-inoculated non-treated (negative) control had the lowest disease severity (Table 11). All non-inoculated treatments except Charcoal +Kaolin significantly suppressed the disease severity compared to the positive control and were not statistically different from the negative control. Combination of Subdue MAXX and Permethrin was the only treatment to significantly suppress the phytophthora root rot among the inoculated treatments. Among the plant height increase, average plant width increase, total plant weight and root weight, there was no observed significant difference between the treatments.

The highest rate of Ambrosia beetle attacks were found on both of the controls, inoculated and non-inoculated treatments of Charcoal + Kaolin, inoculated treatment of Charcoal + Kaolin combined with Permethrin and Subdue MAXX, non-inoculated treatment Charcoal + Kaolin with Subdue MAXX, inoculated and non-inoculated treatment of Subdue MAXX alone and inoculated and non-inoculated treatment of Permethrin and Charcoal + Kaolin. Both inoculated and non-inoculated treatments of Permethrin alone, non-inoculated control of Subdue MAXX, Permethrin and Charcoal+ Kaolin, inoculated and non-inoculated treatments of Subdue MAXX and Permethrin and inoculated treatments of Subdue MAXX and Charcoal + Kaolin had significantly fewer ambrosia beetle attacks as compared to the positive control. No phytotoxicity was observed during the study.

Tables

Table 1. Fungicides, biofungicides, and host plant defense inducers used in this study

Treatment^a	Application rate		Product group	Manufacturer^b
Treatment^a	ml/liter	g/liter	Product group	Manufacturer^b
Actigard 50 WG		0.30	Host plant defense inducer	Syngenta
Aliette 80 WDG		3.74	Host plant defense inducer	Bayer
Empress Intrinsic	0.47		Strobilurin	BASF
Interface Stressgard	6.25		Strobilurin + dicarboximide	Bayer
MBI-110	10.00		Biofungicide	Marrone
Orkestra Intrinsic	0.78		Strobilurin + succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor	BASF
Pageant Intrinsic		1.35	Strobilurin + succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor	BASF
RootShield Plus+ WP		0.60	Biofungicide	BioWorks
Segovis	0.25		Piperidinyl-thiazole isoxazoline	Syngenta
Signature Xtra Stressgard		5.99	Host plant defense inducer	Bayer
Subdue MAXX	0.16		Phenylamide	Syngenta
Tartan Stressgard	3.12		Strobilurin + triazole	Bayer

^a Active ingredients (% A.I.): Actigard = acibenzolar-S-methyl (50%); Aliette = aluminum tris (0-ethyl phosphanate) (80%); Empress Intrinsic = pyraclostrobin (23.3%); Interface Stressgard = trifloxystrobin (1.44%) + iprodione (23.1%); MBI-110 = Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain F727; Orkestra Intrinsic = pyraclostrobin (21.26%) + fluxapyroxad (21.26%); Pageant Intrinsic = pyraclostrobin (12.8%) + boscalid (25.2%); RootShield Plus+ = Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain T-22 (1.15%) + T. virens strain G-41 (0.61%); Segovis = oxathiapiprolin (18.7%); Signature Xtra Stressgard = aluminum tris (0-ethyl phosphanate) (60%); Subdue MAXX = mefenoxam (22%); Tartan Stressgard = trifloxystrobin (4.17%) + triadimefon (20.86%).

^b BASF=BASF Corporation, Florham Park, NJ; Bayer=Bayer AG, Monheim an Rhein, Germany; BioWorks=BioWorks Inc., Victor, NY; Marrone =Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc., Davis, CA; Syngenta=Syngenta International AG, Basel, Switzerland

Table 2. Management of Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwood using fungicides, biofungicides and host defense inducers in preventative application 3 weeks before flooding for 1 day flooding

Treatment	Mean ± SE
Treatment	Plant height (cm)	Plant width (cm)	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%)*
Actigard	0.58 ± 0.08bcd	0.21 ± 0.75abc	0.76 ± 0.09f	0.44 ± 0.05d	30.00 ± 4.28cdef
Aliette	0.92 ± 0.42abc	0.00 ± 0.38abc	1.21 ± 0.16abc	0.77 ± 0.36ab	20.00 ± 2.89f
Empress	0.42 ± 0.15cd	-0.29 ± 0.44abc	0.76 ± 0.05f	0.51 ± 0.05cd	25.83 ± 3.52cdef
MBI-110	0.75 ± 0.25a-d	-0.38 ± 0.42abc	0.79 ± 0.16ef	0.53 ± 0.12bcd	50.83 ± 4.36ab
ON Gard	1.17 ± 0.17ab	1.08 ± 0.49a*	1.39 ± 0.15a*	0.84 ± 0.08a	38.33 ± 5.43bc
Orkestra	0.58 ± 0.08bcd	-0.21 ± 0.70abc	1.01 ± 0.04b-f	0.72 ± 0.06abc	30.83 ± 3.96cdef
Pageant	0.67 ± 0.21bcd	-0.88 ± 0.37bc	1.11 ± 0.09a-e	0.77 ± 0.07ab	33.33 ± 5.87cde
Rootshield Plus+	0.67 ± 0.11bcd	-1.38 ± 0.79c	0.89 ± 0.06c-f	0.62 ± 0.06a-d	36.67 ± 7.03cd
Segovis	0.58 ± 0.24bcd	-0.17 ± 0.50abc	0.89 ± 0.11c-f	0.63 ± 0.09a-d	20.83 ± 4.36ef
Subdue MAXX	0.58 ± 0.08bcd	-1.13 ± 0.66bc	0.73 ± 0.08f	0.51 ± 0.07cd	25.00 ± 5.16def
Signature Xtra	1.33 ± 0.38a*	0.67 ± 0.90ab	1.28 ± 0.14ab	0.82 ± 0.08a	20.83 ± 5.39ef
Tartan	0.50 ± 0.13cd	-0.67 ± 0.94abc	0.87 ± 0.13def	0.62 ± 0.09a-d	33.33 ± 3.80cde
Interface	0.92 ± 0.37abc	0.13 ± 0.76abc	1.19 ± 0.17a-d	0.84 ± 0.11a*	23.33 ± 4.59ef
Negative control	0.42 ± 0.08cd	-0.79 ± 0.86abc	1.15 ± 0.14a-d	0.82 ± 0.12a	0.00± 0.00g
Positive control	0.25 ± 0.11d	-1.00 ± 0.93bc	0.79 ± 0.10ef	0.25 ± 0.11d	53.33 ± 4.59a
P	0.0746	0.4931	0.0003	0.0027	<.0001

Table 3. Management of Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwood using fungicides, biofungicides and host defense inducers in preventative application 3 weeks before flooding for 3 days flooding

Treatment	Mean ± SE
Treatment	Plant height (cm)	Plant width (cm)	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%)*
Actigard	0.67 ± 0.11bcd	-3.13 ± 0.70bc	0.57 ± 0.02c	0.40 ± 0.02d	50.00 ± 5.92bcd
Aliette	1.00 ± 0.13a-d	0.54 ± 0.47a	1.00 ± 0.14b	0.65 ± 0.09abc	23.33± 6.91g
Empress	0.75 ± 0.11bcd	-1.46 ± 0.78abc	0.87 ± 0.05bc	0.59 ± 0.06bcd	40.83 ± 5.07def
MBI-110	0.67 ± 0.11bcd	0.21 ± 0.43a	0.62 ± 0.07c	0.42 ± 0.05cd	56.67 ± 5.27abc
ON Gard	1.17 ± 0.38ab	-1.04 ± 1.03abc	1.04 ± 0.19ab	0.69 ± 0.12ab	42.50 ± 7.27cde
Orkestra	0.50± 0.00d	-1.63 ± 1.07abc	0.62 ± 0.07c	0.45 ± 0.05bcd	49.17 ± 4.36bcd
Pageant	1.08 ± 0.15abc	-0.79 ± 0.93ab	0.78 ± 0.11bc	0.57 ± 0.10bcd	52.52 ± 5.44bcd
Rootshield Plus+	0.83 ± 0.17bcd	-3.25 ± 1.06c	0.65 ± 0.08c	0.48 ± 0.09bcd	53.33 ± 4.94bcd
Segovis	0.92 ± 0.15bcd	-1.13 ± 0.69abc	0.89 ± 0.10bc	0.64 ± 0.06abc	22.50 ± 5.28g
Subdue MAXX	0.92 ± 0.15bcd	0.58 ± 0.36a	0.83 ± 0.11bc	0.54 ± 0.10bcd	26.67 ± 4.01fg
Signature Xtra	1.50 ± 00.47a	0.50 ± 1.20a	1.34 ± 0.15a*	0.84 ± 0.09a*	30.00 ± 6.71efg
Tartan	0.58 ± 0.08cd	-0.46 ± 0.68a	0.73 ± 0.10bc	0.50 ± 0.08bcd	42.50 ± 7.39cde
Interface	0.75 ± 0.17bcd	-1.63 ± 1.22abc	0.75 ± 0.18bc	0.53 ± 0.12bcd	61.67 ± 4.77ab
Negative control	0.75 ± 0.28bcd	-0.08 ± 0.70a	0.80 ± 0.08bc	0.50 ± 0.04bcd	0.00± 0.00h
Positive control	0.75 ± 0.11bcd	-0.54 ± 0.70a	0.81 ± 0.16bc	0.58 ± 0.11bcd	71.67 ± 4.01a
P	0.1230	0.0255	0.0016	0.0458	<.0001

Table 4. Management of Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwood using fungicides, biofungicides and host defense inducers in preventative application 3 weeks before flooding for 7 days flooding

Treatment	Mean ± SE
Treatment	Plant height (cm)	Plant width (cm)	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%)*
Actigard	0.42 ± 0.20d	-0.08 ± 0.35abc	0.53 ± 0.07cd	0.28 ± 0.04d	55.83 ± 4.36b
Aliette	1.17 ± 0.21abc	1.21± 0.44a	0.80 ± 0.12ab	0.43 ± 0.08a-d	58.33 ± 5.43b
Empress	0.75 ± 0.25bcd	-1.58 ± 0.21de	0.67 ± 0.09bcd	0.43 ± 0.08a-d	33.33 ± 3.33c
MBI-110	1.08 ± 0.15abc	-0.92 ± 0.63cde	0.46 ± 0.05d	0.26 ± 0.04d	63.33 ± 4.41ab
ON Gard	1.42 ± 0.37a	0.92 ± 0.40a	1.05 ± 0.14a	0.57 ± 0.08a	57.50 ± 4.23b
Orkestra	0.67 ± 0.11cd	-1.08 ± 0.38cde	0.60 ± 0.07bcd	0.34 ± 0.06bcd	61.67 ± 3.07b
Pageant	1.17 ± 0.11abc	-0.71 ± 0.22b-e	0.82 ± 0.12ab	0.50 ± 0.11ab	55.00 ± 5.32b
Rootshield Plus+	0.75 ± 0.11bcd	-1.04 ± 0.79cde	0.64 ± 0.10bcd	0.39 ± 0.07a-d	56.67 ± 4.77b
Segovis	0.75 ± 0.11bcd	-0.08 ± 0.40abc	0.50 ± 0.05d	0.26 ± 0.04d	57.50 ± 5.28b
Subdue MAXX	0.67 ± 0.11cd	-0.63 ± 0.30b-e	0.59 ± 0.03bcd	0.34 ± 0.03bcd	32.50 ± 3.35c
Signature Xtra	0.75 ± 0.37bcd	0.67 ± 0.17ab	0.79 ± 0.13abc	0.48 ± 0.12abc	37.50 ± 7.39c
Tartan	0.67 ± 0.11cd	-1.92 ± 1.22e	0.49 ± 0.06d	0.28 ± 0.04d	55.50 ± 6.06b
Interface	1.25 ± 0.25ab	-0.25 ± 0.47a-d	0.83 ± 0.11ab	0.43 ± 0.06a-d	63.33 ± 5.27ab
Negative control	0.83 ± 0.11bcd	-1.50 ± 0.35cde	0.49 ± 0.05d	0.31 ± 0.06bcd	3.33 ± 1.67d
Positive control	0.42 ± 0.15d	-0.96 ± 0.57cde	0.53 ± 0.10d	0.30 ± 0.07cd	75.83 ± 4.17a
P	0.0383	<.0001	0.0004	0.0324	<.0001

Table 5. Management of Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwood using fungicides, biofungicides and host defense inducers in preventative application 1 week before flooding for 1 day flooding

Treatment	Mean ± SE
Treatment	Plant height (cm)	Plant width (cm)	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%)*
Actigard	1.25± 0.31bcd	0.96 ± 0.35b	0.88 ± 0.08c	0.59 ± 0.06de	18.33 ± 5.58bcd
Aliette	2.08 ± 0.30ab	1.33 ± 0.33ab	1.29 ± 0.10a	0.87 ± 0.06ab	7.50 ± 1.71 de
Empress	1.42 ± 0.30bcd	1.00 ± 0.38b	0.93 ± 0.17c	0.65 ± 0.06cde	9.17 ± 1.54de
MBI-110	1.08 ± 0.20cd	1.79 ± 0.38ab	0.74 ± 0.07c	0.53 ± 0.06e	25.83 ± 5.97bc
ON Gard	1.50 ± 0.26bcd	0.88 ± 0.51b	0.88 ± 0.11c	0.63 ± 0.08cde	26.67 ± 11.30b
Orkestra	0.83 ± 0.48d	0.46 ± 0.59b	0.88 ± 0.08c	0.60 ± 0.05cde	16.67 ± 2.79bcd
Pageant	0.83 ± 0.28d	0.58 ± 0.69b	1.22 ± 0.21ab	0.81 ± 0.13abc	13.33 ± 3.07cd
Rootshield Plus+	2.00 ± 0.32bc	1.04 ± 0.66b	0.83 ± 0.07c	0.56 ± 0.05de	20.00 ± 5.63bcd
Segovis	1.67 ± 0.25bcd	0.88 ± 0.21b	1.25 ± 0.08ab	0.88 ± 0.04ab	9.17 ± 3.27de
Subdue MAXX	1.83± 0.28bc	1.25 ± 0.39ab	0.84 ± 0.08c	0.54 ± 0.06de	10.00 ± 1.83de
Signature Xtra	3.00 ± 0.48a*	2.54 ± 0.68a*	1.26 ± 0.09a	0.75 ± 0.12a-d	14.17 ± 4.55bcd
Tartan	1.17 ± 0.28bcd	0.92 ± 0.26b	0.82 ± 0.14c	0.61 ± 0.10cde	15.00 ± 2.89bcd
Interface	2.00 ± 0.43bc	1.58 ± 0.37ab	1.38 ± 0.09a	0.96 ± 0.09a*	11.67 ± 3.33de
Negative control	1.17 ± 0.36bcd	1.00 ± 0.34b	0.80 ± 0.12c	0.56 ± 0.08de	0.00± 0.00e
Positive control	1.33 ± 0.28bcd	0.79 ± 0.65b	0.98 ± 0.03bc	0.67 ± 0.01b-e	55.00 ± 4.28a
P	0.0010	0.3029	0.0003	0.0003	<.0001

Table 6. Management of Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwood using fungicides, biofungicides and host defense inducers in preventative application 1 week before flooding for 3 days flooding

Treatment	Mean ± SE
Treatment	Plant height (cm)	Plant width (cm)	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%)*
Actigard	1.17± 0.25abc	1.33 ± 0.58a	0.80 ± 0.10c	0.53 ± 0.06cd	36.67 ± 5.58b-e
Aliette	1.75 ± 0.21a*	0.54 ± 0.21b-d	1.06 ± 0.18abc	0.72 ± 0.12abc	25.83 ± 5.39 b-f
Empress	1.33 ± 0.36abc	0.87 ± 0.37b-d	1.02 ± 0.13abc	0.69 ± 0.08b-d	35.00 ± 7.19b-f
MBI-110	1.33 ± 0.21abc	1.21 ± 0.31ab	0.91 ± 0.10abc	0.57 ± 0.07bcd	48.33 ± 6.41b
ON Gard	0.75 ± 0.11c	0.42 ± 0.35b-d	0.83 ± 0.11bc	0.56 ± 0.08bcd	35.83 ± 7.24b-f
Orkestra	0.75 ± 0.21c	0.08 ± 0.53b-d	0.82 ± 0.23c	0.54 ± 0.16cd	41.67 ± 9.10bc
Pageant	1.08 ± 0.35abc	1.08 ± 0.67abc	1.20 ± 0.12ab	0.82 ± 0.09ab	22.50 ± 3.59ef
Rootshield Plus+	1.17 ± 0.25abc	1.25 ± 0.68a	0.91 ± 0.13abc	0.62 ± 0.11b-d	33.33 ± 5.43b-f
Segovis	1.67 ± 0.31ab	1.08 ± 0.45abc	1.19 ± 0.19ab	0.83 ± 0.15ab	25.00 ± 7.30def
Subdue MAXX	0.75 ± 0.31c	-0.21 ± 0.58d	1.00 ± 0.13abc	0.66 ± 0.08b-d	20.00 ± 6.06f
Signature Xtra	1.67 ± 0.31ab	-0.04 ± 0.14bcd	1.26 ± 0.11a*	0.87 ± 0.09a*	20.83 ± 3.75ef
Tartan	1.00 ± 0.18bc	-0.013 ± 0.14cd	0.68 ± 0.08c	0.42 ± 0.06d	40.83 ± 5.39bcd
Interface	1.08 ± 0.30abc	0.75 ± 0.43b-d	1.05 ± 0.10abc	0.75 ± 0.09abc	25.00 ± 6.71def
Negative control	1.00 ± 0.22bc	0.63 ± 0.33b-d	0.95 ± 0.08abc	0.62 ± 0.05b-d	0.00± 0.00g
Positive control	0.83 ± 0.11c	0.17 ± 0.58b-d	0.89 ± 0.10abc	0.61 ± 0.06b-d	67.50 ± 2.81a
P	0.0684	0.1988	0.1260	0.0778	<.0001

Table 7. Management of Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwood using fungicides, biofungicides and host defense inducers in preventative application 1 week before flooding for 7 days flooding

Treatment	Mean ± SE
Treatment	Plant height (cm)	Plant width (cm)	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%)*
Actigard	0.83± 0.21ab	-0.04 ± 0.46b	0.72 ± 0.11b-e	0.52 ± 0.07cde	59.17 ± 4.90e
Aliette	1.08 ± 0.33ab	1.13± 0.21ab	1.33 ± 0.05a	0.90 ± 0.05a	26.67 ± 4.94g
Empress	0.92 ± 0.24ab	0.54 ± 0.69ab	0.69 ± 0.06b-e	0.52 ± 0.06cde	61.67 ± 4.01de
MBI-110	0.92 ± 0.15ab	0.29 ± 0.36ab	0.90 ± 0.11bc	0.64 ± 0.06bcd	70.83 ± 2.71cde
ON Gard	1.00 ± 0.22ab	0.38 ± 0.52ab	0.75 ± 0.11b-e	0.57 ± 0.10b-e	74.17 ± 4.90bc
Orkestra	1.00 ± 0.39ab	0.92 ± 0.58ab	0.83 ± 0.09bcd	0.64 ± 0.08bc	71.67 ± 2.47bcd
Pageant	1.42 ± 0.20a	0.46 ± 0.28ab	0.63 ± 0.05de	0.48 ± 0.04cde	64.17 ± 4.55cde
Rootshield Plus+	1.50 ± 0.37a	0.54 ± 0.33ab	1.18 ± 0.06a	0.99 ± 0.18a	39.17 ± 5.69f
Segovis	1.00 ± 0.29ab	0.25 ± 0.67ab	0.65 ± 0.06cde	0.39 ± 0.04de	72.50 ± 3.35bcd
Subdue MAXX	1.17± 0.31ab	0.88 ± 0.38ab	0.91 ± 0.12b	0.62 ± 0.09b-e	28.33 ± 5.58fg
Signature Xtra	1.50 ± 0.18a	1.63 ± 0.52a*	1.29 ± 0.08a	0.93 ± 0.08a	25.83 ± 4.17g
Tartan	1.08 ± 0.24ab	1.25 ± 0.63ab	0.74 ± 0.16b-e	0.59 ± 0.15b-e	71.33 ± 5.70bcd
Interface	0.67 ± 0.17b	0.92 ± 1.00ab	0.64 ± 0.03de	0.43 ± 0.04cde	83.33 ± 3.80ab
Negative control	1.08 ± 0.20ab	1.04 ± 0.46ab	1.17 ± 0.11a	0.79 ± 0.07ab	0.00± 0.00h
Positive control	0.92 ± 0.30ab	0.25 ± 0.32ab	0.56 ± 0.04e	0.39 ± 0.04e	91.33 ± 3.43a
P	0.6303	0.7299	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001

Table 8. Management of Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwood using fungicides, biofungicides and host defense inducers in curative application for 1 day flooding

Treatment	Mean ± SE
Treatment	Plant height (cm)	Plant width (cm)	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%)
Aliette	2.67 ± 0.60c	-0.63 ± 0.83bc	1.31 ± 0.20bc	1.77± 0.31bc	16.67± 3.80b
Empress	1.50 ± 0.13c	-1.67 ± 1.17cd	1.18 ± 0.13bcd	1.55 ± 0.17bcd	18.33 ± 4.01b
Orkestra	1.25 ± 0.28c	-2.25 ± 0.39cd	1.28 ± 0.15bc	1.63 ± 0.17bc	17.50± 3.35b
Pageant	1.92 ± 0.30c	-1.92 ± 0.59cd	1.07 ± 0.11bcd	1.39 ± 0.12cd	15.00 ± 1.83b
Segovis	1.33 ± 0.28c	-2.58 ± 0.70cd	1.10 ± 0.14bcd	1.27 ± 0.08cd	15.00 ± 2.89b
Subdue MAXX	1.50 ± 0.37c	-3.21 ± 0.48de	0.94 ± 0.14cd	1.10 ± 0.12d	17.50 ± 3.35b
Signature Xtra	4.50 ± 0.89b	1.08 ± 1.49ab	1.49 ± 0.23ab	2.25 ± 0.41ab	10.83 ± 2.01bc
Tartan	1.58 ± 0.20c	-1.79 ± 0.41cd	0.82 ± 0.06d	1.10 ± 0.07d	15.00 ± 3.16b
Interface	6.33 ± 1.52a*	2.63 ± 0.88a*	1.76 ± 0.20a*	2.83 ± 0.38a*	19.17 ± 4.90b
Negative control	1.67 ± 0.36c	-2.79 ± 0.25cde	0.97 ± 0.12d	1.24 ± 0.15d	0.00 ± 0.00c
Positive control	1.25± 0.17c	-5.17 ± 1.33e	0.81 ± 0.13cd	1.10± 0.15cd	49.17 ± 7.79a
P	0.0419	<.0001	0.0011	0.0073	0.0582

Table 9. Management of Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwood using fungicides, biofungicides and host defense inducers in curative application for 3 days flooding

Treatment	Mean ± SE
Treatment	Plant height (cm)	Plant width (cm)	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%)*
Aliette	1.50 ± 0.18c	-4.17 ± 1.51d	0.88 ± 0.21d	1.31± 0.30cd	32.50 ± 5.88b
Empress	1.67 ± 0.25c	-3.21 ± 0.22d	0.87 ± 0.09d	1.18 ± 0.11cd	25.83 ± 4.36bcd
Orkestra	1.58 ± 0.38c	-2.17 ± 0.45cd	1.07 ± 0.09cd	1.37 ± 0.13cd	25.00 ± 4.47bcd
Pageant	1.83 ± 0.74c	-0.42 ± 1.58c	1.30 ± 0.22c	1.85 ± 0.44c	15.83 ± 2.39de
Segovis	2.50 ± 0.71c	-2.13 ± 0.84cd	1.02 ± 0.13cd	1.51 ± 0.28cd	16.67 ± 3.07de
Subdue MAXX	1.50 ± 0.26c	-2.71 ± 0.54cd	1.00 ± 0.05cd	1.31 ± 0.07cd	19.17 ± 2.39cde
Signature Xtra	7.08 ± 0.55b	2.71 ± 1.30b	1.79 ± 0.13b	2.72 ± 0.16b	13.33 ± 1.67e
Tartan	1.17 ± 0.36c	-1.92 ± 0.84cd	0.75 ± 0.09d	1.00 ± 0.12d	15.83 ± 2.39de
Interface	9.67 ± 1.33a*	6.54 ± 0.48a*	2.22 ± 0.17a*	3.98 ± 0.47a*	28.33 ± 4.771bc
Negative control	1.08 ± 0.15c	-2.83 ± 0.67cd	0.93 ± 0.09cd	1.20 ± 0.11cd	0.00 ± 0.00f
Positive control	1.92± 0.20c	-1.79 ± 0.82cd	1.07 ± 0.14cd	1.43± 0.19cd	60.00 ± 5.77a
P	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001

Table 10. Management of Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwood using fungicides, biofungicides and host defense inducers in curative application for 7 days flooding

Treatment	Mean ± SE
Treatment	Plant height (cm)	Plant width (cm)	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%)*
Aliette	2.00 ± 0.48bc	-2.63 ± 1.49abc	0.94 ± 0.34ab	1.20± 0.41bc	40.83 ± 8.70bcd
Empress	1.42 ± 0.20bc	-4.71 ± 0.76bc	0.46 ± 0.11b	0.63 ± 0.13c	48.33 ± 6.15b
Orkestra	1.00 ± 0.26c	-5.63 ± 1.04c	0.58 ± 0.11b	0.77 ± 0.13bc	50.00 ± 5.63b
Pageant	4.50 ± 1.65a*	0.17 ± 1.87a	1.29 ± 0.33a*	2.04 ± 0.60a*	40.00 ± 7.85bcd
Segovis	1.50 ± 0.22bc	-2.63 ± 0.49abc	0.59 ± 0.10b	0.85 ± 0.11bc	25.83 ± 3.75d
Subdue MAXX	1.17 ± 0.21bc	-3.751 ± 0.79bc	0.72 ± 0.13b	0.99 ± 0.17bc	24.17 ± 4.55d
Signature Xtra	3.42 ± 1.10ab	-0.13 ± 1.55a	0.98 ± 0.22ab	1.48 ± 0.35ab	29.17 ± 8.80d
Tartan	1.25 ± 0.21bc	-2.42 ± 0.43abc	0.54 ± 0.08b	0.83 ± 0.12bc	39.17± 5.83bcd
Interface	2.58 ± 0.49abc	-2.29 ± 1.77abc	0.70 ± 0.20b	1.07 ± 0.27bc	43.33 ± 5.111bc
Negative control	1.67 ± 0.25bc	-2.17 ± 0.95abc	0.93 ± 0.18ab	1.26 ± 0.22abc	0.00 ± 0.00e
Positive control	2.83 ± 1.55abc	-2.96 ± 0.90abc	0.72 ± 0.17b	0.99± 0.20bc	70.83 ± 3.00a
P	0.0699	0.0460	0.1512	0.0623	<.0001

Table 11. Mean (± SE) plant growth data, ambrosia beetles attack and disease severity of dogwood trees treated with fungicides, insecticides and activated charcoal + kaolin

Treatment	Application Rate			Mean ± SE
Treatment	ml/liter	g/liter	Plant height (cm)		Plant width (cm)	Ambrosia Beetles Attack	Plant weight (g)	Root weight (g)	Disease severity (%) *
Permethrin (Ino)	12.5		5.67 ± 1.23a		2.58 ± 1.49a	7.33 ± 4.62b-f	673.67 ± 102.45a	371.58± 77.311a	57.50 ± 5.59ab
Permethrin (Non)	12.5		8.00 ± 2.66a		2.17 ± 2.20a	7.50 ± 2.43b-f	778.58 ± 97.41a	461.92 ± 93.05a	18.33 ± 4.59e*
Subdue MAXX + Charcoal +Kaolin + Permethrin (Ino)			7.83 ± 3.91a		-1.00 ± 1.28a	12.00 ± 5.39a-e	891.75 ± 248.44a	611.50 ± 206.77a	60.00 ± 4.65ab
Subdue MAXX + Charcoal +Kaolin + Permethrin (Non)			2.00 ± 1.18a		-0.08 ± 1.05a	6.50 ± 1.98def	645.92 ± 51.98a	383.00 ± 48.21a	15.83 ± 4.36e*
Subdue MAXX + Permethrin (Ino)			9.33 ± 4.02a		1.17 ± 1.14a	3.67 ± 1.98f	649.75 ± 77.23a	377.25 ± 69.61a	43.33 ± 10.78bcd
Subdue MAXX + Permethrin (Non)			8.50 ± 3.22a		-1.50 ± 1.33a	6.17 ± 2.24ef	686.58 ± 80.45a	423.33 ± 60.30a	11.67 ± 2.11e*
Charcoal + Kaolin (Ino)		60+60	8.00 ± 2.42a		2.33 ± 1.12a	13.83 ± 4.48ab	735.25 ± 62.27a	465.08 ± 50.01a	70.00 ± 4.28a
Charcoal + Kaolin (Non)		60+60	9.17 ± 3.77a		1.00 ± 1.13a	14.17 ± 5.50a	717.00 ± 92.04a	452.33 ± 58.83a	54.17 ± 4.55ab
Subdue MAXX (Ino)	0.16		4.00 ± 1.75a		-0.08 ± 1.28a	13.00 ± 4.04abc	718.08 ± 125.43a	473.25 ± 98.49a	60.00 ± 2.24ab
Subdue MAXX (Non)	0.16		6.17 ± 2.83a		-0.75 ± 0.77a	11.33 ± 4.72a-e	692.00 ± 81.68a	410.75 ± 60.39a	25.00 ± 4.47de
Subdue MAXX + Charcoal + Kaolin (Ino)			0.33 ± 2.35a		-1.25 ± 0.66a	7.17 ± 2.52c-f	624.50 ± 81.14a	356.42 ± 48.52a	49.17 ± 3.52abc
Subdue MAXX + Charcoal + Kaolin (Non)			6.83 ± 2.21a		-0.33 ± 1.15a	12.50 ± 5.38a-d	862.50 ± 160.90a	588.25 ± 128.04a	25.83 ± 3.52cde
Permethrin + Charcoal + Kaolin (Ino)			9.50 ± 4.15a		1.08 ± 1.18a	8.17 ± 4.83a-f	647.17 ± 87.39a	348.25 ± 50.56a	58.33 ± 5.27ab
Permethrin + Charcoal + Kaolin (Non)			4.67 ± 2.19a		-0.67 ± 1.50a	8.83 ± 1.40a-e	708.58 ± 96.34a	407.33 ± 69.50a	20.83 ± 4.90de
Positive Control			9.33 ± 2.82a		0.83 ± 0.95a	13.83 ± 3.71ab	544.67 ± 50.33a	279.58 ± 25.21a	70.83± 3.27a
Negative Control			4.67 ± 1.38a		1.83 ± 1.33a	13.67 ± 2.62ab	706.12 ± 112.69a	385.17 ± 60.07a	8.33 ± 1.05e
P			0.4884		0.3353	0.6912	0.8686	0.4845	<.0001

Ino: Inoculated treatments

Non: Non-inoculated treatments

Participation Summary

1 Farmers participating in research

10 Consultations

1 Curricula, factsheets or educational tools

3 Journal articles

2 Published press articles, newsletters

18 Webinars / talks / presentations

Participation Summary:

75 Farmers participated

200 Ag professionals participated

Education/outreach description:

Neupane, K., Ojha, V. K., Oliver, J. B., Addesso, K. M., Baysal-Gurel, F., 2022. Integration of control strategies to optimize management of Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and Phytophthora root rot (Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae) in flowering dogwoods (Cornalaes: Cornaceae) after simulated flooding. Journal of Economic Entomology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac093 (Baysal-Gurel-corresponding author).

Neupane, K., Ghimire, B., and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2022. Efficacy and timing of application of fungicides, biofungicides, host-plant defense inducers, and fertilizer to control Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwoods in simulated flooding condition. Plant Disease. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0437-RE (Baysal-Gurel-corresponding author).

Neupane, K., Alexander, L. Baysal-Gurel, F. 2021. Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi using fungicides and host plant defense inducers under drought conditions: A case-study of flowering dogwood. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-21-0789-RE. (Baysal-Gurel-corresponding author).

Neupane, K., Ojha, V., Oliver, J., Addesso, K.M., and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2020. Integration of alternative strategies to optimize Phytophthora cinnamomi management in flowering dogwood in flooding condition. 130^th Meeting of the Tennessee Academy of Science. November 21, 2020 (Poster presentation).

Neupane, K. and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2020. Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi using fungicides, biofungicides, host plant defense inducers and fertilizer in simulated flooding events. 130^thMeeting of the Tennessee Academy of Science. November 21, 2020 (Oral presentation).

Baysal-Gurel, F., Neupane, K., Brown, M.S., Oliver, J.B., Addesso, K.M., and Ojha, V., 2020. Can we control ambrosia beetles as well as Phytophthora root rot using fungicides and biofungicide on plants exposed to ﬂooding? Virtual Annual Entomology Meeting. November 11-25, 2020 (Oral presentation).

Ojha, V., Oliver, J.B., Addesso, K.M., Baysal-Gurel, F., and Deren, V. 2020. Integration of systemic fungicides and permethrin for control of nursery-attacking ambrosia beetles. Virtual Annual Entomology Meeting. November 11-25, 2020 (Poster presentation).

Neupane, K., Ojha, V., Oliver, J.B., Addesso, K.M., and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2020. Integration of alternative strategies to optimize Phytophthora cinnamomi and ambrosia beetle management in flowering dogwoods under flooding condition. Tennessee Entomological Society 47^th Annual Meeting, October 9, 2020 (Oral presentation).

Baysal-Gurel, F. 2020. Webinar. Southern Region Green Industry Webinar hosted by UGA Center for Urban Ag on Thursday, 12 November 2020.

Baysal-Gurel, F. 2020. Suppressing Soilborne Diseases on Woody Ornamentals. Chase Digest October 2020 Issue Volume 8(10).

Neupane, K. and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2021. Fungicides for Phytophthora Root Rot in Containerized Dogwood. Chase Digest June 2021 Issue Volume 9(6).

Panth, M. and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2022. Soilborne diseases- Chapter 11. P: 243-265. Book: Soil Constraints to Crop production. Cambridge Scholar.

Baysal-Gurel, F. 2021. Dealing with diseases in the landscapes. UT-TEMG Central Region Virtual Conference/Workshop, June 24, 2021.

Neupane, K., Ojha, V., Oliver, J., Addesso, K., Baysal-Gurel, F. 2022. Comparative efficacy of integrated fungicide, insecticide and blocking agent to manage Phytophthora root rot and Ambrosia beetles in flood stressed flowering dogwoods.3rd Association of Nepalese Agricultural Professionals of Americas (NAPA) Biennial International Scientific Conference. May 27-29, 2022, Atlanta, GA.

Neupane, K., Witcher, A., Baysal-Gurel, F. 2022. Evaluation of Physiological Changes in Flowering Dogwoods in Drought Conditions in a Container Production System. 1890 Research Directors Symposium. April 2-5, 2022. Atlanta, GA.

Neupane, K., Witcher, A., and Baysal-Gurel, F., 2022. Early season monitoring of drought induced physiological changes of flowering dogwoods in container production system. The 44^thAnnual University-Wide Research Virtual Symposium, 2021. March 28-April 1, 2022.

Neupane, K., Ojha, V., Oliver, J., Addesso, K., Baysal-Gurel, F. 2022. Integrated management of ambrosia beetles and Phytophthora root rot of flowering dogwoods in a simulated flooding condition. 2022 joint Southeastern branch & APS-CD Meeting. March 26-30, 2022. San Juan, Puerto Rico

Neupane, K., Witcher, A., Baysal-Gurel, F. 2022. Monitoring of drought induced physiological changes of Cornus florida grown in container production system. 99^th Southern division APS hybrid meeting. March 7-10, 2022. Chattanooga, TN.

Neupane, K., Witcher, A., Baysal-Gurel, F. 2022. Assessment of physiological changes to monitor pests and diseases of container grown flowering dogwoods in drought condition. 10^th International IPM Symposium. February 28-March 3, 2022. Denver, CO.

Neupane, K., Witcher, A., Baysal-Gurel, F. 2021. Measurement of drought induced physiological changes in flowering dogwoods in container production system. 2021 TAS Meeting. Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN. November 6, 2021. (Oral presentation first place).

Neupane, K. and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2021. Efficacy of preventative fungicides and host plant defense inducers to manage Phytophthora root rot under drought conditions. MANRRS Regional Competition. Masters Division. Virtual. October 12, 2021.

Neupane, K. and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2021. Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi using fungicides and host plant defense inducers under drought conditions. Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society – Plant Health 2021 online. August 2-6, 2021 (Poster presentation) (complimentary registration award from Bayer ($269)).

Neupane, K., and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2021. Efficacy of fungicides and biofungicides to manage Phytophthora cinnamomi under drought condition. The 43th Annual University-Wide Research Virtual Symposium, 2021. March 22-26, 2021 (Oral presentation).

Neupane, K., and Baysal-Gurel, F. 2021. Efficacy of fungicides, biofungicides, host plant defense inducers and fertilizer to manage Phytophthora root rot of dogwood under flooding condition. 98^th Southern division APS virtual meeting. Feb 15-19, 2021 (Southern division APS meeting scholarship award) (Oral presentation).

25 Farmers reporting change in knowledge, attitudes, skills and/or awareness

10 Farmers changed or adopted a practice

1 Grant received that built upon this project

5 New working collaborations

Project outcomes:

N/A

Knowledge Gained:

N/A

Sustainable Management of Phytophthora Cinnamomi and Ambrosia Beetles Under Stress Conditions

Project Information

Research

Educational & Outreach Activities

Participation Summary:

Project Outcomes