Final Report for GW10-003
Project Information
Studies were conducted to assess the current levels of resistance and cross-resistance of obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR) populations and genetic potential of OBLR to develop resistance, and to characterize mechanisms responsible for conferring resistance to the recently registered reduced-risk OP alternatives, rynaxypyr and spinetoram. Bioassays of field-collected populations showed that low levels of resistance to the new chemicals, rynaxypyr and spinetoram, already exist in the field populations, and that resistance of field populations to spinetoram was correlated with their resistance to spinosad. Significant levels of resistance to rynaxypyr and spinetoram were recorded in a laboratory population as a result of selection for resistance in the laboratory. The evidence of resistance and cross-resistance in the field, as well as development of resistance in response to laboratory selection, indicate that the risk of resistance evolution against these chemicals exists. However, in the absence of selection pressure, the selected populations reverted to being susceptible, indicating that resistance to both rynaxypyr and spinetoram was unstable. Moreover, biochemical enzyme assays of the selected populations indicated that esterase activity was significantly increased in the rynaxypyr-selected population, whereas mixed-function oxidase levels were elevated in the spinetoram-selected population. The fact that resistance to both rynaxypyr and spinetoram was unstable and that these chemicals do not share detoxification mechanisms indicates that rynaxypyr and spinetoram could be effectively incorporated into resistance management programs through strategies of rotation. Implementation of such strategies at this point would be a proactive approach and would lead to management of OBLR and other major pests of tree fruits on a sustainable basis.
Introduction
Tree fruit are one of the biggest industries in Washington State, producing crops valued at nearly $1.5 billion, with an economic impact of over $6 billion on the state’s economy by providing for more than 140,000 jobs and service related activities (1). Washington’s tree fruit growers produce high quality fruit for the state, the nation and the world with over 241,986 acres dedicated to tree fruit crops (NASS-USDA). Insect pests are one of the major concerns of tree fruit growers and have the potential to reduce crop production substantially. Obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests of tree fruits, causing severe damage by feeding on leaves and developing fruits (2).
Historically, broad-spectrum insecticides have been the primary tools to manage insect pests in tree fruits. Use of broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates (OPs) for decades has resulted in the development of OP resistance and cross-resistance to other classes of insecticides in major pests, including OBLR, leading to control failure in some cases (3, 4). Additionally, regulatory actions such as the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) have put restrictions on the use of broad-spectrum insecticides, leading to an OP phase-out (5). The development of insecticide resistance and implementation of FQPA, along with restrictions in international markets, have led to the development of new chemicals such as rynaxypyr and spinetoram which are safer to humans.
Rynaxypyr is an anthranilic diamide which belongs to insecticide resistance action committee (IRAC) mode of action class 28 (6). Anthranilic diamides selectively bind to ryanodine receptors (RyR) in insect muscles, resulting in an uncontrolled release of calcium from internal stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (7, 8), causing impaired regulation of muscle contraction which leads to feeding cessation, lethargy, paralysis and death of target organisms. Anthranilic diamides have very low vertebrate toxicity due to a 500-fold differential selectivity toward insect over mammalian RyR (8).
Spinetoram is a recently developed spinosyn belonging to IRAC mode of action class 5 (6). Spinosyns primarily activate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by acting on a unique and yet unknown binding site (9-11). Both rynaxypyr and spinetoram were highly effective against OBLR in both laboratory and field trials (12, Brunner unpublished data).
With the availability of these products, it was critical for tree fruit growers to incorporate the novel reduced-risk insecticides into IPM programs, but resistance remains a threat. Resistance management strategies are usually developed after it has occurred in the field, which is too late. In this situation, characterizing resistance in various field populations could be extremely valuable for OBLR management programs by detecting potential problem of resistance at an earlier stage, thereby allowing growers to change their OBLR control strategies and slow the spread of resistance. The successful management of insecticide resistance depends ultimately on a thorough understanding of the resistance mechanisms. The understanding of genetic basis of resistance and mechanisms conferring resistance, especially before its occurrence in the field, would be a proactive approach and could be extremely valuable in developing strategies to manage susceptibility, leading to delay the development of resistance. Therefore, this project was proposed to assess current levels of resistance and cross-resistance of OBLR populations and genetic potential of OBLR to develop resistance, and to characterize mechanisms involved in resistance of OBLR to rynaxypyr and spinetoram.
The primary goal of this project was to provide tree fruit growers with information that will enable them to incorporate the recently developed reduced-risk OP alternatives, rynaxypyr and spinetoram, into IPM programs to control OBLR and possibly other pests on a sustainable basis in an economical and environmentally friendly manner. This goal was achieved under the following objectives:
1) To determine the current levels of resistance and cross-resistance in field-collected populations of OBLR to the novel reduced-risk chemicals,
2) To assess the genetic potential of OBLR to develop resistance against the novel reduced-risk chemicals, and
3) To characterize mechanisms conferring resistance against these chemicals in OBLR.
Cooperators
Research
[Please refer to the attached publications for details]
Objective 1: Current Levels of Resistance and Cross-resistance in Field Insects
Susceptibility of Field Populations:
In order to determine susceptibility of field populations to two new reduced-risk insecticides, rynaxypyr and spinetoram, field populations were collected from orchards in Chelan, Douglas, Grant and Okanogan counties of Washington. The field populations were collected as third to fifth instars, returned to the laboratory and reared to the adult stage. The neonate larvae of the first laboratory generation, and in some cases the second laboratory generation, were tested. A diet incorporation bioassay, as described in Sial et al. (13), was used to test the field-collected populations in the laboratory. Field populations were also tested for their susceptibility to azinphosmethyl and spinosad in order determine the possibility of cross-resistance between the new insecticides and the ones that have been used in the field for several years.
Lethal concentration values (LC50 and LC90) and their corresponding 95% fiducial limits (FL) were estimated using POLO (14) and lethal concentration ratios (LCR) at LC50 and LC90 values, and their corresponding 95% confidence limits (CL) were calculated using lethal concentration ratio significance test (15). The laboratory colony (LAB) served as the reference susceptible population for comparison purposes and was assigned a ratio of 1.0. The lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) values of the field-collected populations were considered significantly different from those of the LAB population if the 95% CL of their corresponding LCR values did not include the value of 1.0 (? = 0.05). Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (Pearson’s correlation) was used to detect the occurrence of cross-resistance between the chemicals tested in this study.
Objective 2: Genetic Potential of OBLR to Develop Resistance
Selection for Resistance:
In order to determine the genetic potential of OBLR to develop resistance to rynaxypyr and spinetoram, cohorts of larvae from the laboratory colony were selected with rynaxypyr (RYN) or spinetoram (SPIN) while another cohort treated in the same way but without exposure to insecticides served as a control (LAB) (16). In the first selection, neonate larvae were exposed to LC70 of the baseline established for the LAB population. After four days of exposure, surviving larvae were transferred to untreated pinto bean diet and reared in the laboratory under conditions described above. The concentration of rynaxypyr and spinetoram used to select each subsequent generation was the ?LC70 based on the results of bioassays from the previous generation. The number of neonate larvae used for each generation varied (1000-2000) depending on availability. Based on availability, a subset of the progeny of the OBLR surviving each selection was exposed to a range of concentrations using diet incorporation bioassay to determine the effect of selection on the susceptibility of the selected populations.
Lethal concentration values (LC50 and LC90) and their corresponding 95% fiducial limits (FL) were estimated using POLO (14) and lethal concentration ratios (LCR) at LC50 values and their corresponding 95% confidence limits (CL) were calculated using lethal concentration ratio significance test (15). A laboratory population that was not selected with any of the insecticides but otherwise treated the same way served as the reference susceptible population for comparison purposes and was assigned a ratio of 1.0. Lethal concentrations of the LAB population before and after selection were considered significantly different if the 95% CL of their corresponding LCR did not include the value of 1.0.
Resistance Risk Assessment:
In order to assess the risk of resistance development in OBLR against rynaxypyr and spinetoram, data from the selection experiments were used to estimate realized heritability (h2) of resistance to these insecticides using a quantitative genetic approach (17) as described in Sial and Brunner (16).
Objective 3:
Characterization of Resistance Mechanisms Biochemical Enzyme Assays:
In order to determine mechanisms responsible for resistance of OBLR to rynaxypyr and spinetoraam, biochemical assays were performed to determine the activities of three major classes of detoxification enzymes including general esterases, mixed-function oxidases and glutathione-S-transferases. For enzyme assays, 30 third-instar C. rosaceana larvae (10-15 mg each) from the susceptible colony (LAB) and each of the selected resistant colonies (RYN and SPIN) were used. Individual insects were homogenized in 200 µl ice-cold potassium phosphate buffer (0.1M, pH 7.2) and then spun in a microfuge at ~21,000g for 2 min. All reactions were carried out in disposable 96-well microplates (Greiner Bio-One, VWR International, West Chester, PA). Total protein contents were determined by the method of Bradford (18) using Bio-Rad dye reagent (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard. Esterase, oxidase and glutathione-S-tranferase activities were measured using ?-naphthyl acetate (?NA), 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl benzidine dihydrochloride (TMBZ) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrates, respectively. Mean enzyme activities recorded in larvae from the rynaxypyr-selected (RYN) and spinetoram-selected (SPIN) colonies were compared with those from larvae in the unselected LAB colony using t-test. Significance was accepted at ? = 0.05 in all statistical tests used in this study.
Bioassays with Metabolic Synergists:
A diet overlay bioassay as described by Ahmad and Hollingworth (19) was used to test the effect of metabolic synergists DEF, DEM and PBO on toxicity of rynaxypyr and spinetoram to RYN and SPIN (resistant) and the LAB (susceptible) populations of C. rosaceana.
Reversion toward Susceptibility:
After six generations of selection and after resistance had been documented, a subset of C. rosaceana larvae from each of the selected RYN and SPIN populations was removed from selection to establish two new populations, RYN-Rev and SPIN-Rev, respectively. The main objective of establishing these colonies was to determine whether or not the resistance in the selected populations was stable. The C. rosaceana larvae in RYN-Rev and SPIN-Rev populations were reared in the laboratory without any further exposure to insecticides. Susceptibility of neonate larvae from the RYN-Rev and SPIN-Rev populations was assessed and compared with that of the neonate larvae from the unselected LAB populations at each generation using a diet incorporation bioassay.
[Please refer to the attached publications for details]
Objective 1: Current Levels of Resistance and Cross-resistance in Field Insects
Significant variation was detected in response to all four insecticides, including rynaxypyr and spinetoram, which had never been used in the field. LCRs were 1.2-5.3 for rynaxypyr (Tables 1.1 and 1.2), 0.5-4.1 for spinetoram (Table 1.3), 0.5-3.6 for spinosad (Table 1.4) and 3.9-39.7 for azinphosmethyl (Table 1.5). Correlation analysis indicated possibility of cross-resistance between spinosad and spinetoram (R2 = 0.85) (Fig. 1.1), which are both members of the spinosyn class, suggesting the possibility of cross-resistance. This was the first study to document the evidence of correlated cross-resistance between spinosad and spinetoram. The prevalence of azinphosmethyl resistance can be attributed to the decades of its use in tree fruit orchards. However, the occurrence of low but significant levels of resistance against rynaxypyr and spinetoram in field-collected populations of C. rosaceana before their first field application indicates that the risk of resistance evolution against these two new reduced-risk insecticides exists. It is likely that these low levels of resistance can be managed if the insecticides are used judiciously and in conjunction with sound resistance management programs. Our findings establish baseline susceptibility of the field-collected C. rosaceana populations to rynaxypyr and spinetoram and serve as an early warning for the growers and pest managers, pointing out that implementing a sound resistance management program is essential to the preservation of these reduced-risk insecticides for C. rosaceana control on sustainable basis.
Objective 2: Genetic Potential of OBLR to Develop Resistance
After six generations of selection, 6.58- and 3.64-fold increases in LC50 were recorded for rynaxypyr (Table 2.1) and spinetoram (Table 2.2), respectively. The realized heritability (h2) of resistance was estimated as 0.17 for rynaxypyr and 0.18 for spinetoram using threshold trait analysis. These results indicate that ~17% of the total variation in rynaxypyr susceptibility and ~18% of that in spinetoram susceptibility of the LAB population were caused by additive genetic variation. The rates of resistance development were compared using the response quotient (Q), which was estimated as 0.11 and 0.07 for rynaxypyr and spinetoram, respectively, suggesting that resistance to rynaxypyr could evolve faster than to spinetoram in C. rosaceana. Projected rates of resistance evolution indicated that if h2 = 0.2 and 80% of the population was killed at each generation, then a 10-fold increase in LC50 would be expected in less than six generations for rynaxypyr and ten generations for spinetoram.
Insect populations maintained in the laboratory for several years without being exposed to any insecticides are likely to have less genetic variation than field populations (20-22). It took only six generations of selection of a susceptible laboratory strain of C. rosaceana with rynaxypyr and spinetoram to produce a 6.6- and 3.6-fold increase in LC50, respectively. The increase in levels of tolerance indicates that resistance could result in the field situations where selection pressures can be much higher than in the laboratory and populations are likely to be more heterogeneous.
Relatively quick response of a laboratory population selected with rynaxypyr and spinetoram suggests that a risk for resistance development in C. rosaceana to both insecticides exists, but resistance development in C. rosaceana would be slower against spinetoram than rynaxypyr. Our findings serve as an early warning for the growers and pest managers and point out that implementation of resistance management strategies should occur when these chemistries are registered for use.
Although insecticide resistance management in C. rosaceana in tree fruit orchards is a challenge for growers and pest managers, especially at the time when broad-spectrum insecticides such as OPs are being phased out, a wide range of newer insecticides with different modes of action is available to control this pest. These insecticides must be used wisely in the framework of a well-thoughtout resistance management program. However, resistance management strategies can only be successful if no cross-resistance occurs between different insecticides used in a resistance management program. Therefore, further studies are required to explore the biochemical and molecular basis of mechanisms conferring resistance to rynaxypyr and spinetoram so that the insecticides that would not be affected by the same detoxification mechanisms could be incorporated into a pest management program in a manner that would minimize selection for resistance.
Objective 3: Characterization of Resistance Mechanisms
Enzyme assays performed after nine generation of selection indicated that esterase activity was significantly increased in rynaxypyr-selected (RYN) colony (Fig. 3.1), whereas mixed-function oxidase levels were elevated in spinetoram-selected (SPIN) colony (Fig. 3.2). No difference in glutathione-S-transferase activity was seen in either of the insecticide-selected colonies (Fig. 3.3). These results indicate the potential involvement of esterases and mixed-function oxidases as detoxification mechanisms responsible for resistance to rynaxypyr and spinetoram, respectively.
In synergist bioassays performed after twelve generations of selection, S,S,S-tributylphosphoro trithioate (DEF) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergized the toxicity of rynaxypyr (Tables 3.1) and spinetoram (Tables 3.2), respectively, suggesting the involvement of esterases in rynaxypyr resistance and that of mixed-function oxidases in spinetoram resistance. The results also confirm the results of the enzyme assays. These findings suggest that rynaxypyr and spinetoram could be incorporated into C. rosaceana resistance management programs by using rotational strategies.
In the absence of selection pressure, susceptibility of a subset of larvae from both rynaxypyr- and spinetoram-selected populations reverted to pre-selection levels after five and six generations, respectively (Figs. 3.4 and 3.5), indicating that resistance to both rynaxypyr and spinetoram was unstable in C. rosaceana. These results of this study suggest that rynaxypyr and spinetoram do not share detoxification mechanisms and that the resistance to both of these chemicals in OBLR was unstable and could therefore be incorporated into resistance management programs in tree fruits by using rotational strategies, leading to sustainable management of C. rosaceana.
Insecticide resistance presents a major risk to the sustainability of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for C. rosaceana. Resistance management strategies could slow the development of resistance only if implemented in a timely manner. However, the effectiveness of resistance management strategies may be reduced without the knowledge of biochemical mechanisms conferring resistance to insecticides used in IPM programs.
This study represents the first report on the mechanisms involved in resistance to rynaxypyr and spinetoram in C. rosaceana. The higher activities of esterases in C. rosaceana larvae from the RYN-selected colony are indicative of the possible involvement of esterases in conferring resistance to rynaxypyr. The esterase enzymes have previously been reported to be involved in resistance to azinphosmethyl in C. rosaceana (23, 24) and other tortricid moths, such as light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (25). The azinphosmethyl-resistance in C. rosaceana mediated by general esterases usually extends to several types of organophosphates, carbamates and other classes of insecticides (24) and has been associated with cross-resistance to pyrethroids (26-28).
Spinetoram is a second-generation spinosyn which was recently registered for C. rosaceana control in tree fruit. Resistance to spinosad has been characterized in several species of insects; however, mechanisms responsible for spinetoram-resistance have not yet been reported. Significant elevation in the level of oxidases in C. rosaceana larvae from the SPIN-selected colony suggests that resistance to spinetoram in this laboratory-selected colony was mediated by oxidases. Our findings are in agreement with the previous studies reporting the involvement of oxidases as a mechanism for resistance to spinosad in Musca domestica (29), Spodoptera exigua (30) and Helicoverpa armigera (31), an anticipated result since spinosad and spinetoram are both spinosyns.
For the first time, our studies also demonstrate other new characteristics of rynaxypyr and spinetoram resistance in C. rosaceana: the instability of resistance in the absence of selection pressure and the synergism of toxicity of rynaxypyr and spinetoram by DEF and PBO, respectively. It is evident from the results of reversion experiments where, in the absence of selection pressure, both of the selected populations reverted to being susceptible, that the rynaxypyr and spinetoram resistance in C. rosaceana was unstable. These findings are encouraging for resistance management programs aimed at slowing the process of resistance evolution against rynaxypyr and spinetoram and prolonging the useful life of these new insecticides against C. rosaceana in the field. Our results suggest that rynaxypyr and spinetoram resistance could revert in C. rosaceana in the field when selection pressure was relaxed, however, it could take several generations for this to occur. One of the operational strategies that can be used to reduce selection pressure is rotation of rynaxypyr and spinetoram treatments with other chemicals that do not have cross-resistance to these insecticides. Reversion of resistance to pre-selection levels has been demonstrated in C. rosaceana (23) and other species (32, 33) and is sometimes cited as a pre-requisite for the success of rotational strategies for resistance management in the field (34).
The synergism of the toxicity of rynaxypyr and spinetoram primarily by DEF and PBO, respectively, suggests that rynaxypyr resistance was mediated by esterases, whereas oxidases were the primary mechanism responsible for spinetoram resistance in C. rosaceana. In other species, PBO has been previously reported to synergize the toxicity of spinosad (29-31), indicating possible involvement of oxidases in resistance to spinosad, which is a spinosyn just like spinetoram.
Our findings that the resistance to rynaxypyr and spinetoram in C. rosaceana is unstable and that these two new insecticides appear to be detoxified by different enzyme systems suggest that rynaxypyr and spinetoram could be incorporated into C. rosaceana management programs, and management of resistance may be possible with rotational strategies. The information that resistance to rynaxypyr and spinetoram was esterase- and oxidase-based, respectively, will also be helpful in making sound choices regarding the best alternation of materials to be used in such management programs. Furthermore, synergism of rynaxypyr and spinetoram by DEF and PBO, respectively, also indicates that DEF and PBO could be useful in improving the efficacy of these compounds. However, prior to such use, further studies should be conducted to determine the effects of metabolic synergists on toxicity of these insecticides to field populations of C. rosaceana.
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Research Outcomes
Education and Outreach
Participation Summary:
Peer-Reviewed Publications:
The work directly related to this project resulted in the following four peer-reviewed publications (Two of which have been published in Journal of Economic Entomology, the third one has been published in Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, and the fourth manuscript is ready and will be submitted to Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology soon):
1. A. A. Sial, J. F. Brunner, M. D. Doerr, Susceptibility of obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to two new reduced-risk insecticides, J. Econ. Entomol. 103 (2010) 140-146.
2. A. A. Sial, J. F. Brunner, Assessment of resistance risk in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to the reduced-risk insecticides chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram, J. Econ. Entomol. 103 (2010) 1378-1385.
3. A. A. Sial, J. F. Brunner, S. F. Garczynski, Biochemical characterization of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram resistance in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 99(3): 274-279.
4. A. A. Sial, J. F. Brunner. Selection for resistance, reversion toward susceptibility, and synergisms of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Ready to be submitted in Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.
Research & Extension Presentations:
In addition to the peer-reviewed publications, findings of this project were also disseminated in the form of oral and display presentations to a variety of audiences including grower and professional scientists by the graduate student:
Oral Presentations:
1. Sial, A. A. 2011. Developing sustainable IPM programs using reduced-risk insecticides. The Annual Meeting of Fresno/Madera CAPCA organization, 31 March 2011, The Ramada Inn, Fresno, CA.
2. Sial, A. A., and J. F. Brunner. 2010. Are we ready to replace broad-spectrum insecticide with reduced-risk chemicals in tree fruit systems? The 58th Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, 12-15 December 2010, Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA.
3. Sial, A. A. 2010. Developing sustainable IPM programs for tree fruits using reduced-risk insecticides. The 94th Annual Meeting of ESA- Pacific Branch, 11-14 April 2010, The Grove Hotel, Boise, ID.
4. Sial, A. A., J. F. Brunner, Stephen F. Garczynski, and J. E. Dunley. 2010. Obliquebanded Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Resistance to Novel Chemistries: Is it Possible, Stable, and Manageable? The 84th Annual Western Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, 13-15 January 2010, Hilton Hotel, Portland, OR.
5. Sial, A. A., J. F. Brunner, S. F. Garczynski and J. E. Dunley. 2009. Evolution of resistance against novel chemistries. In IPMIS section symposium “Evolutionary arms race of resistance against novel chemistries: Lessons from the native and agricultural systems”. The 57th Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, 13-16 December 2009, Indiana Convention Center, Indianapolis, IN.
6. Sial, A. A., J. F. Brunner, and S. F. Garczynski. 2009. Resistance risk assessment and strategies for managing resistance against novel reduced-risk insecticides in obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The 57th Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, 13-16 December 2009, Indiana Convention Center, Indianapolis, IN.
7. Sial, A. A. and J. F. Brunner. 2009. Risk assessment and strategies for managing resistance in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to the reduced-risk insecticides chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram. Dr. William R. Wiley Exposition of Research and Scholarship, 10 November 2009, WSU Pullman, WA.
8. Sial, A. A. and J. F. Brunner. 2009. Resistance risk assessment for novel reduced-risk insecticides in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The 90th Annual Meeting of American Association for the Advancement of Science – Pacific Division (AAAS), 14-19 August 2009, San Francisco State University and the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA.
9. Sial, A. A. and J. F. Brunner. 2009. Toxicodynamics of novel reduced-risk insecticides in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The 80th Rocky Mountains Conference of Entomologists, 3-4 August 2009, Silverton, CO.
10. Sial, A. A., J. F. Brunner, and J. E. Dunley. 2009. Resistance risk assessment for novel reduced-risk insecticides in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The 93rd Annual Meeting of Pacific Branch - Entomological Society of America, 29 March-1 April 2009, Bahia Resort and Convention Center, San Diego CA.
11. Sial, A. A. 2009. Insecticide Resistance: Evolution in the visible spectrum. In a symposium, “Entomology and evolutionary theory: Celebrating 150 years of “On the Origin of Species”. The 93rd Annual Meeting of Pacific Branch - Entomological Society of America, 29 March-1 April 2009, Bahia Resort and Convention Center, San Diego CA.
12. Sial, A. A. 2009. Risk and evidence of resistance in major pests against novel reduced risk insecticides in perennial crops. In a symposium, “IPM in Perennial Cropping Systems: A Preferred Future Based on a Sound Past”. The 93rd Annual Meeting of Pacific Branch - Entomological Society of America, 29 March-1 April 2009, Bahia Resort and Convention Center, San Diego CA.
13. Sial, A. A., J. F. Brunner, and J. E. Dunley. 2009. Resistance risk assessment for novel reduced-risk insecticides in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). 83rd Annual Western Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, 14-16 January 2009, Hilton Hotel, Portland, OR.
Display:
14. Sial, A. A., J. F. Brunner, and S. F. Garczynski. 2010. A Proactive Approach to Understanding Resistance to Novel OP Alternatives as a Strategy for Sustainable Management of Obliquebanded Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Washington State University Showcase for Innovation in Science and Technology, 26 March 2010, WSU Pullman, WA.
15. Sial, A. A., J. F. Brunner and S. F. Garczynski. 2009. Strategies to manage resistance in obliquebanded Leafroller to the novel reduced-risk insecticides: chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram. The 105th Annual Meeting of Washington State Horticultural Association, 7-9 December 2009, Wenatchee Convention Center, Wenatchee, WA.
16. Sial, A. A. and J. F. Brunner. 2009. Risk Assessment for resistance against the novel insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram, in obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Washington State University Showcase for Innovation in Science and Technology, 27 March 2009, WSU Pullman, WA.
In addition to these presentations, findings of this project were also disseminated to the growers and pest management professionals at various formal and non-formal meetings by the Major Professor. In all of the publications and presentations, Western SARE was properly acknowledged as sponsor of this research funded under WSARE Project No. GW10-00.