Progress report for ONC20-077

ONC20-077 (project overview)

Project Type: Partnership

Funds awarded in 2020: $39,906.00

Projected End Date: 06/01/2022

Grant Recipient: University of Nebraska Eastern Nebraska Research and Extension Center

Region: North Central

State: Nebraska

Project Coordinator:

Dr. Justin McMechan, Ph.D., D.P.H.

University of Nebraska Eastern Nebraska Research and Extension Center

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Project Information

Summary:

The use of cover crops has increased as a sustainable means of improving soil health and suppressing weeds in agricultural systems. However, recent reports have shown a potential risk of insect pests transitioning from cover crops to corn in the Midwest due to the timing of cover crop termination relative to corn planting. Unexpected losses from insect pests in cover crop systems have resulted in some farmers adopting the use of tank-mixed insecticides at cover crop termination as a preventative strategy to minimize pest pressure. To date, there is not enough information to help farmers make an informed decision on if and when they should use insecticides in a cover crop-corn system. This project seeks to form collaborations with four corn-soybean farmers in eastern-Nebraska, two of which collaborated on a previously funded NC-SARE graduate student grant. To address insecticide use in cover crop systems, large plot research will be conducted on-farm studies with the objective to evaluate the use of insecticides as a tank-mix or delayed application around cover crop termination impact on pest and beneficial insects. The results from this research would serve as a cornerstone for best management practices with insecticides in a cover crop to corn systems.

Project Objectives:

The objectives of this project will be to; 1) evaluate the impact of insecticide application timing as a tank mix with herbicides and delayed on pest and beneficial arthropods, 2) determine the potential risk for insect pests and beneficial insect activity to assist farmers in making profitable and sustainable decisions, and 3) share research results with farmers, extension professionals, researchers, and students through field days, presentations, and peer-reviewed publications.

Cooperators

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Research

Materials and methods:

This project was conducted on three farmer fields as a randomized complete block design with four replications. In each field, treatments will consist of a herbicide only (control), herbicide with tank-mixed pyrethroid insecticide and herbicide with a delayed pyrethroid insecticide application to coincide with cover crop death time. Each experimental unit will be 90’ wide x 150’ long, with the whole experiment encompassing approximately five acres. This experiment will be repeated in 2020/21 with same farmers.

Rye will be planted during the fall of 2019 and with a target to terminate 1-5 days after planting corn. Several cover crop, corn, and arthropod parameters will be measured including:

Cover crop extended leaf height (ELH) at the termination. A ruler will be used to take the ELH at three locations with each plot.
Cover crop biomass will be collected just prior to cover crop termination. Two subsamples per experimental unit will be collected.
Pitfalls traps will be placed in the center of each plot to account for arthropod abundance and diversity just prior to each treatment application. A pitfalls trap will be placed approximately 15 days before the first treatments to evaluate the arthropod population before any treatment application.
Corn insect damage assessment at V3-V4 corn stage. This evaluation will be done due to the limited ability of pitfalls traps to account for insect’s pests. Plant damage assessments will consist of analyzing individual corn plants in a 15 ft corn row in each plot. Each plant will be analyzed for any insect injury, incidence and severity of feeding. Any insect that is found feeding on the corn is collected for further identification.
Cages to capture wheat stem maggot (WSM) will be placed in two of the four locations. The objective is to capture emergence and population densities to identify the risk of WSM in cover crop to corn transition.
Corn yield will be collected by hand at the end of the season.

Research results and discussion:

Data were collected from three sites in 2020. With one year of data, no analysis has been conducted yet. Some trends in a reduction in the number of arthropods were observed when an insecticide was used, however, a more detailed analysis, as well as another year of data, will be needed to draw any conclusions.

Site 1
Arthropod Taxa	Treatment	Pitfall I	Pitfall II	Pitfall III
Total	Herbicide only	751	690	367
	Tank mix	729	427	286
	Late insecticide	687	822	287
Nitidulidae	Herbicide only	84	13	16
	Tank mix	123	35	35
	Late insecticide	88	22	35
Zopheridae	Herbicide only	161	347	16
	Tank mix	155	204	35
	Late insecticide	132	416	35
Aphididae	Herbicide only	385	1	16
	Tank mix	299	0	35
	Late insecticide	353	0	35
Araneae	Herbicide only	54	9	8
	Tank mix	58	9	12
	Late insecticide	42	12	7
Collembola	Herbicide only	25	228	97
	Tank mix	45	99	138
	Late insecticide	40	279	116

Site 2
Arthropod Taxa	Treatment	Pitfall I	Pitfall II	Pitfall III
Total	Herbicide only	506	902	697
	Tank mix	519	447	767
	Late insecticide	435	854	777
Nitidulidae	Herbicide only	117	166	70
	Tank mix	100	127	66
	Late insecticide	94	134	67
Zopheridae	Herbicide only	251	69	93
	Tank mix	290	82	94
	Late insecticide	185	79	48
Acari	Herbicide only	2	5	131
	Tank mix	2	1	29
	Late insecticide	0	8	96
Araneae	Herbicide only	11	11	22
	Tank mix	4	23	16
	Late insecticide	5	20	21
Collembola	Herbicide only	91	198	270
	Tank mix	85	66	457
	Late insecticide	103	177	423

Site 3
Arthropod Taxa	Treatment	Pitfall I	Pitfall II	Pitfall III
Total	Herbicide only	234	379	645
	Tank mix	265	316	386
	Late insecticide	201	344	393
Nitidulidae	Herbicide only	58	110	159
	Tank mix	60	111	143
	Late insecticide	55	114	121
Zopheridae	Herbicide only	40	68	18
	Tank mix	44	18	16
	Late insecticide	88	34	19
Aphididae	Herbicide only	0	57	11
	Tank mix	2	26	7
	Late insecticide	0	50	1
Araneae	Herbicide only	13	13	13
	Tank mix	11	29	7
	Late insecticide	6	20	7
Collembola	Herbicide only	101	99	176
	Tank mix	93	77	146
	Late insecticide	35	88	99

Participation Summary

3 Farmers participating in research

Educational & Outreach Activities

Participation Summary:

3 Farmers

Education/outreach description:

Data from the arthropods in collected from pitfalls traps was only recently processed this fall due to limitations in the number of personnel with Covid-19 restrictions. Results from this past year will be presented this year through webinars and field days.

Learning Outcomes

3 Farmers reported changes in knowledge, attitudes, skills and/or awareness as a result of their participation

Project Outcomes

Project outcomes:

With the completion of the first year of this project, it is not clear what the economic, environmental, or social benefits will be. Over the past year, we were able to collect cover crop leaf height, biomass, and grain yield from three sites. At least five arthropod taxa were identified and counted across the three sample periods with pitfall traps from those sites. The data shows some potential reduction in the number of arthropods with insecticide applications. The reduction in arthropod number as a result of an insecticide application varied between taxa. Arthropod count data is complex and as a result, it will likely require a principal component analysis of the treatments and arthropod groups will be needed to better understand the impact of insecticide use in cover crops. If insecticide use in cover crops at termination continues to show a negative response for beneficial arthropods and a lack of differences in yield it would provide growers with the justification to avoid insecticide tank-mixes at cover crop termination resulting in a more sustainable system, with less environmental impacts and greater economic return.

Success stories:

With Covid-19, grower interactions were very limited so no opportunities have been presented to access any success stories.

Recommendations:

We have no recommendations as of now but the data from 2020 indicates a potential negative impact on beneficial arthropods in cover crop systems when an insecticide is tank-mixed at the termination time of the cover crop. No significant yield differences were reported indicating that there was no financial benefit to tank-mixed insecticides in 2020 sites.

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Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or SARE.