Teff: An Alternative Crop for Oklahoma

Teff: An Alternative Crop for Oklahoma

Summary

Two studies were conducted in 2010 at various sites to evaluate performance of teff varieties and determine fertilizer recommendations. Experiments were implemented as planned and measurements were collected. Teff grain yield ranged from 0.8 to 1.3 t ha-1 when grown in the field. Fertilizer rate of 67 kg ha-1 was identified as economic optimum rate to grow teff. Performance of varieties varied but Tiffany and DZ-Cr-387 had higher yield than other varieties. Quick-E was the poorest yielder.

Objectives/Performance Targets

We hypothesized that identifying well performing teff varieties with appropriate fertility package for Oklahoma will enhance farm profitability and allow crop diversification in Oklahoma subsequently contributing to sustainability. We hypothesize that it is possible to reduce the risk of farming by increasing crop options specifically since teff is a dual purpose crop, fast in growth, and tolerant to moisture stress. The goal of this study was to add diversity of crops and create economic opportunities by adding teff in the cropping system for small farmers in Oklahoma and neighboring states. The specific objectives were to:

1. evaluate the adaptation, suitability and grain and forage yield of teff varieties,
2. develop nutrient requirement of selected teff varieties, and
3. demonstrate varieties and management package to farmers.

Accomplishments/Milestones

Average forage yield was comparable in both years. Nonetheless , it varied between the two sites in 2010; forage yield was 4 t ha-1 higher for Lake Carl Blackwell than Stillwater. In 2010, DZ-01-889 at Lake Carl Blackwell had the highest forage yield although the same variety performed poorly at Stillwater. At Stillwater, there was no significant forage yield difference among varieties. DZ-Cr-385 had the lowest forage yield averaged over the two sites. Grain yield did not differ between the two sites. Tiffany and DZ-Cr-387 had the highest grain yield while Quick-E performed poorly in 2010. Yield stability over the two years suggested that Tiffany and DZ-Cr-387 had relatively better stable forage yield over two years than other varieties. In both 2009 and 2010, DZ-01-99 and DZ-Cr-387 had better grain yield stability than any other varieties considered in the study.

In 2010, N rate had a significant effect on forage and grain yields, and height at Lake Carl Blackwell but only grain yield was significant at Summers. At both sites, grain yield reached maximum with the application of 67 kg N ha-1. Average forage yield in 2010 was 11 t ha-1 across sites. Forage yield and plant height showed a linear trend as N rate increased at Lake Carl Blackwell. Height was 86 and 72 cm at Lake Carl Blackwell and Summers, respectively.
In 2010, pooled over the two sites, teff grain yield data fitted well (R2=0.74) to the linear plateau model on N fertilization rates. The same critical N rate as the individual site was obtained. The critical level shows that growers can add N at a rate of 4.7 kg ha-1, up to a maximum rate of 67 kg ha-1, beyond which it is no more economical to apply N for a yield goal of 1.3 t ha-1. Yield goal is of course a function of many yield limiting factors. Like the variety study, in both seasons, extended heat in June-July resulted in significant growth reduction and flower abortion.

Two field days were conducted in September. An updated pamphlet was distributed at field days and at different forums. Two abstracts were published.

Impacts and Contributions/Outcomes

The results of the study could lead to more participation of small-scale farmers in teff production in Oklahoma and elsewhere. So far, several producers showed interest in using the crop as a hay crop for sheep and horse. At least one producer is considering processing and packaging of teff. More importantly, the project attracted more than dozen entrepreneurs, producers and middle-men who are eager to see more production of teff in Oklahoma to meet their ever increasing teff grain feedstock for flour. At least two entrepreneurs were interested in growing teff in large scale to provide health food industry with teff grain. Although niche market, there is considerable demand for teff grain in North America.

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