Biological management of apple replant disease

Biological management of apple replant disease

Summary

Apples are an important component of the agricultural economy in the northeast, where over 14,000 acres of orchards generate approximately $66 million in farmgate receipts annually [1]. In Vermont, orchards contribute nearly $20 million to the local economy, and are the second-most important specialty food crop, after maple [2]. However, apple production systems are not static, and orchards have seen significant changes in varieties and planting systems over the past several decades. Orchards are increasingly being planted to smaller trees on dwarfing rootstocks and higher tree densities per acre, with increased up-front establishment costs over traditional, lower-density plantings [3]. Increased planting costs are offset by increased precocity and greater yield at maturity, but management problems during early orchard establishment may reduce overall profitability of these systems [4].

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disorder caused by a complex of fungal, bacterial, and nematode pathogens that affect tree fruit crops when planted on sites where those crops were previously [5]. In past years, ARD was managed with preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide or treatment with organophosphate biocides [6], but those materials have been or are being phased out due to environmental concerns. Presently recommended practices to mitigate ARD in new orchards include preplant cover copping, multi-year fallow periods, and use of resistant rootstocks [7], but those practices are not always effective in supporting optimum tree growth [8]. In many cases, growers are planting new orchards on previous orchard sites without adequate ARD mitigation because they cannot afford multiple years of lost production during mitigation, and resistant rootstocks are not as commercially available as more common dwarfing rootstocks [9]. Few post-plant ARD treatments are available to growers, and some treatments that are available are inadequately tested on orchard crops. As a result, local growers are investing in modern plantings that are being affected by ARD, which compromises overall profitability of the orchard, and may jeopardize long-term sustainability of the industry in the region.

To see if ARD could be affected or controlled, at one commercial farm site and the University research horticulture farm,  three treatments were applied to five replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. At HREC five-tree replicates and at SHVT two-tree replicates were used. Treatments included: 1) non-treated (water) control; 2) MeloCon at four lbs/acre/treatment; and 3) Actinovate AG at 12 oz/acre/treatment. Treatments were applied as a soil injection with Rears Pak-Tank Sprayer (Rears Mfg Co., Eugene, OR) and OESCO FN-12 Root Feeding Needle (OESCO, Inc., Conway, MA) within the drip line of individual trees in the equivalent of 192 and 164 gallons of water per acre at 100 psi at HREC and SHVT, respectively. A wetting agent (ThemX 70, American Extracts, Strathmore, CA) was included in each application at manufacturer-recommended rates to improve penetration of the material into the root zone.

Background

Fruit growers, who may be good stewards of the land with interests in overall orchard, and maybe even soil, ecology, are primarily interested in attaining optimum tree growth and fruit yield in their plantings in order to optimize profitability. Given the limitations in funding for this program, and the focus on farm-level impacts that improve productivity and increase farm income; conserve soil and improve water quality; reduce environmental and health risks; prevent agricultural pollution; and improve the quality of life for farmers, this project proposes to assess horticultural impacts on tree growth and fruit yield from application of two biopesticide products in two ARD-affected orchards in Vermont. By completing this research, effective mitigation tactics for ARD-affected orchards in New England may be identified to assist growers in managing this disorder.

Management of ARD with biologically derived materials (biopesticides) is a relatively new practice. However, causative agents of ARD vary by orchard location, so specific biopesticide materials may vary in efficacy for any given orchard [10]. ARD is associated with microbial pathogens and nematodes which may combine synergistically to increase disease incidence [5]. Because of this, many biopesticide materials have been trialed in laboratory and orchard conditions with varying results. Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 has shown strong antagonism against soilborne Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp which was attributed to production of extracellular antifungal metabolites [11]. S. lydicus is also reported to produce chitinase compounds that reduce viability of some soil plathogens [12]. Another biopesticide agent, Paecilomyces lilacinus, has shown efficacy in managing diseases caused by plant parasitic nematodes in multiple crops [13-15]. Studies of the effectiveness of commercially available biopesticides in improving tree growth or fruit yield on apple replant sites are lacking, and no such studies were found in a review of the literature.

Two commercially available products have recently been released in the U.S. that are labeled for use on apple to manage soil pathogens implicated in ARD [16]. MeloCon® WDG (Certis USA LLC, Columbia, MD) is a biological nematicide with the active ingredient P. lilacinus. MeloCon is labeled for use as a soil drench in many fruit and vegetable crops, including apple. Product claims include broad activity against 19 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes and a soil half-life of roughly one month. Actinovate AG (Natural Industries, Inc., Houston, TX) is a biological fungicide containing S. lydicus WYEC 108, and is labeled for use as a foliar spray and soil drench to manage many fungal diseases on multiple crops. Manufacturer use recommendations for apples include use as a soil drench to prevent disease incidence from Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and other root rot fungi [17]. Because ARD is caused by complex and interacting soil microbes, multiple biopesticide strategies may be more effective than single-use materials in managing the disease [18].             This project assessed two commercially-available biopesticide products in two orchards planted in 2011 that exhibit ARD symptoms. Trees in both orchards that are planted on sites where apple trees were grown previously showed visible reduction in growth and fruit yield compared to neighboring trees in the same planting that were planted in drive rows or other land where trees were not present in the previous planting. One site has shown presence of P. penetrans nematodes in a previous study, and trees planted where apple trees had been present prior to orchard establishment showed symptoms of the disease [19].

The first orchard is located at the University of Vermont Horticulture Research & Education Center in South Burlington, VT (HREC). The soil is a Windsor Adams loamy sand. A previous orchard was maintained on the planting site from 1990 through 2009. After removing trees in fall 2009, the site was plowed, limed, and cover cropped in 2010 with sudan grass followed by oilseed mustard, which were incorporated into the soil prior to planting. Tree rows were subsoiled and preplant compost was applied to the tree row strips at 16 tons per acre. ‘Royal Empire’ trees grafted to Budagovsky 9 dwarfing rootstocks were planted in 2011 in a tall spindle training system with tree density of 1210 trees per acre (3 ft x 12 ft tree spacing). The second planting is located at a commercial orchard in South Hero, VT (SHVT) on Amenia and Kendall silt loam soils. The previous orchard was maintained on the site from 1900 to 2009. Trees were removed in 2009 and tile drainage was installed prior to replanting, but no significant ARD mitigation procedures were performed except for leaving the site fallow during preparation. In 2011, 150 ‘McIntosh’ trees on semidwarf EMLA-26 rootstock were planted at a tree density of 345 trees per acre (9 ft x 14 ft tree spacing). Standard management practices including weed control (mowing and/or herbicide strips), irrigation, and pest management sprays have been performed at both sites since orchard establishment.

1. NASS, New England Fruits and Vegetables 2012 Crop, G.R. Keough, Editor. 2013, New England Agricultural Statistics Concord, NH.
2. USDA. Census of Agriculture. 2007 [cited 2012 26 July]; Available from: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/index.php.
3. Robinson, T., Recent advances and future directions in orchard planting systems. Acta Hort, 2004. 732: p. 367-381.
4. Robinson, T. Replanting for Success. in Cornell 2005 In-Depth Fruit School. 2005. Crown Point, NY.
5. Mazzola, M. and L.M. Manici, Apple Replant Disease: Role of Microbial Ecology in Cause and Control. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2011. 50(1): p. 45-65.
6. Mai, W.F. and G.S. Abawi, Controlling replant diseases of pome and stone fruits in northeastern United States by preplant fumigation. Plant Dis, 1981. 65(11): p. 859-864.
7. Merwin, I.A., et al., Developing an integrated program for diagnosis and control of replant problems in New York apple orchards. NY Fruit Quart, 2001. 9: p. 11-15.
8. Robinson, T.L., Common mistakes in planting and establishing high-density apple orchards. New York Fruit Quarterly, Geneva, 2007. 15(4): p. 1-7.
9. Robinson, T., The Evolution Towards More Competitive Apple Orchard Systems in the USA. Acta Hort, 2006(772): p. 491-500.
10. Pruyne, P.T., I. Merwin, and P.G. Mullin, Diagnosis of Apple Replant Problems in New York Orchard Soils and Evaluation of Nematode-Suppressive Cover Crops. Acta Hort, 1994. 363: p. 121-128.
11. Yuan, W.M. and D.L. Crawford, Characterization of streptomyces lydicus WYEC108 as a potential biocontrol agent against fungal root and seed rots. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1995. 61(8): p. 3119-3128.
12. Mahadevan, B. and D.L. Crawford, Properties of the chitinase of the antifungal biocontrol agent Streptomyces lydicus WYEC108. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 1997. 20(7): p. 489-493.
13. Kiewnick, S. and R. Sikora, Biological control of the root-knot nematode< i> Meloidogyne incognita by< i> Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251. Biological control, 2006. 38(2): p. 179-187.
14. Khan, A., K.L. Williams, and H.K. Nevalainen, Control of plant-parasitic nematodes by Paecilomyces lilacinus and Monacrosporium lysipagum in pot trials. BioControl, 2006. 51(5): p. 643-658.
15. Kiewnick, S. and R. Sikora, Efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus (strain 251) for the control of root-knot nematodes. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences, 2003. 68(4 Pt A): p. 123.
16. Quarles, W., New Biopesticides for IPM and Organic Production. IPM Practioner, 2013. 33(7/8): p. 1-9.
17. Natural Industries Inc. Crop Tech Sheet- Apples. 2013 [cited 2013 November 12]; Available from: http://naturalindustries.com/commercial/Docs/techsheets/apple.pdf.
18. Sikora, R., et al., In Planta Suppressiveness to Nematodes and Long Term Root Health Stability through Biological Enhancement-Do We Need a Cocktail? Acta Hort, 2008. 879: p. 553-560.
19. Costante, J., et al., Effects of apple rootstocks and nematicides on Pratylenchus penetrans populations and apple tree growth. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1987. 112.

Objectives/Performance Targets

The objective of this study is to evaluate improvement in tree growth, crop yield, and fruit weight in two Vermont apple orchards affected by ARD. Because effects of management on soil biological communities occur over several months to several years, and changes in tree productivity may take longer to assess, this project is proposed to occur over two seasons with the same treatments applied to the same trees in order to assess long-term cumulative effects. We hypothesize that improvements in tree growth and orchard productivity will be seen after two years of biopesticide application.

Accomplishments/Milestones

At each site, three treatments were applied to five replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. At HREC five-tree replicates and at SHVT two-tree replicates were used. Treatments included: 1) non-treated (water) control (NTC); 2) Actinovate AG at 12 oz/acre (ACT); and 3) MeloCon at four lbs/acre (MCN). Treatments were applied as a soil injection with Rears Pak-Tank Sprayer (Rears Mfg Co., Eugene, OR) and OESCO FN-12 Root Feeding Needle (OESCO, Inc., Conway, MA) within the drip line of individual trees in the equivalent of 192 and 164 gallons of water per acre at 100 psi at HREC and SHVT, respectively. A wetting agent (ThemX 70, American Extracts, Strathmore, CA) was included in each application at manufacturer-recommended rates to improve penetration of the material into the root zone. Treatments occurred on four dates for each site in 2014: May 12 (HREC), May 14 (SHVT), June 4, July 1, and July 30 (both sites).

Measured variables included tree growth (trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), vegetative shoot length, and terminal leader length), fruit yield (kg/tree), fruit number per tree, and fruit size (g/fruit, calculated from fruit number and kg yield). Soil cores were collected in each treatment-replicate at both sites on July 29, 2014 and analyzed for trophic diversity of nematode communities by identifying to genus in the UVM Soil Bioindicators Laboratory [20]. Soil nematode community analysis was to be completed at the same time each season in order to minimize temporal variation in nematode communities, thus, analysis was not conducted at the beginning nor end of the total project. This data not only measured effects of treatments on nematode populations, including plant parasitic species, but trophic nematode indices are a measure of soil ecological condition [21, 22].

All data was subject to an analysis of variance [23] to determine effects of experimental treatments on measured parameters. If the overall F-test for was significant at α=0.05, then multiple comarisons were made with Tukey’s adjustment applied to minimize type II error.

20. Neher, D.A. and C. Lee Campbell, Nematode communities and microbial biomass in soils with annual and perennial crops. Applied Soil Ecology, 1994. 1(1): p. 17-28.
21. Freckman, D.W., Bacterivorous nematodes and organic-matter decomposition. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 1988. 24(1–3): p. 195-217.
22. Bongers, T., The Maturity Index: An Ecological Measure of Environmental Disturbance Based on Nematode Species Composition. Oecologia, 1990. 83(1): p. 14-19.
23. SAS Institute Inc., SAS 9.3. 2002-2010: Cary, NC.

Impacts and Contributions/Outcomes

Results from 2014 are only considered preliminary because the project is only halfway through its proposed timetable. However, there appear to be some effects from biopesticide treatments on assessed parameters. No treatment effect on the percent increase in TCSA was seen at HREC, but at SHVT, MCN-treated trees had a greater increase in TCSA (72.9%) than the NTC (67.4%) and ACT (62.6%) treatments. In both orchards, treatment affected terminal leader growth, but the results were not consistent between the two sites. At HREC, the ACT treatment had the greatest leader growth (23.2 cm), followed by MCN (19.6 cm) and NTC (11.2 cm) . At SHTVT the NTC treatment had greater leader growth of 41.0 cm than both biopesticide treatments (31.9-31.7. cm). Terminal shoot growth at HREC was improved for both biopesticide treatments, but at SHVT, like was seen with terminal leader growth, the NTC had greater terminal shoot growth than the biopesticide treatments. The number and total kg of fruit harvested per tree and fruit weight were not affected by either biopesticide treatment at HREC. However, at SHVT, ACT-treated trees had increased fruit number (31.1 fruit/tree) and fruit weight (139 g) than the other two treatments, and increased total weight of fruit harvested (4.37 kg) over the MCN treatment (3.17 kg).

Nematodes were enumerated from samples at the end of July 2014. Total nematode communities were identified to genus. Significant differences exist in total numbers per gram dry soil between the two sites. HREC had 61 individuals per gram versus 16 individuals per gram at the SHVT. It should be noted that the value for HREC is particularly high. The differences between the sites are most likely due to soil texture and management where the HREC soil was sandier and cultivated whereas the SHVT was heavier and the orchard floor was mowed mix of grasses and legumes. In total from both sites 16 genera of plant parasites were identified. The two most important plant parasites were Lesion and Root Knot nematodes, both are endoparasites. Three genera, Hirshmanniella, Pratylenchoides and Pratylenchus, belong to the Pratylenchidae (Lesion Nematode) with similar endoparasitic habits and combined for analysis. Meloidogyne (Root Knot Nematode) was also present at both sites, but less wide spread in distribution. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) was generally high. For the Pratylenchidae, the CV was typically greater than 0.7 across each treatment at both sites and for Meloidogyne, the CV was >1. Statistically, there were no significant differences for either Pratylenchidae or Meloidogyne. However, the SHVT site did show a trend toward reduced numbers of Pratylenchidae in the MCN treatment and a similar trend was observed in the relative proportion of Meloidogyne in the community. This reduction was not observed at the HREC where recent cultivation may have distributed taxa between treatments. The remaining ectoparasitic nematodes were combined for analysis. In this case, both orchards exhibited a trend where there numbers were reduced by MCN, but a significant difference was not detected. The whole nematode community was combined to examine structural indexes that might suggest non-target effects from MCN. At these sites, neither significant differences nor any trends were observed in the structural indexes. 

While trends and differences were seen in this first year of the project, it is expected that assessment of use of Actionovate and MeloCon on tree productivity and soil ecology in ARD-affected orchards will reveal further impacts after a second year of data collection which will continue in 2015. After collecting two years’ cumulative data, these impacts will be extrapolated to include an economic assessment of the value of biopesticide treatments in these orchards.

Collaborators: