Final report for LNE20-399
Project Information
This project investigated several novel extended grazing systems to increase forage inventory, farm profits, and climate adaptability. These strategies provided research and education to help livestock farmers confidently increase yield, produce high-quality forage, and replace stored feeds.
We found that stockpiling perennial grasses and annual brassicas mixed with oats and peas can be reliable methods for extending the grazing season into the late fall. In the summer, annual pearl millet and sudangrass can grow well in both wet and dry conditions but it is not worth planting crimson or red clovers with them. Interseeding small grains into perennial pastures is a promising but, so far, inconsistent method to boost spring forage yields.
Our hypothesis was that the grazing season in New England could be extended/enhanced to increase forage inventory, reduce feed cost, and improve resilience to climate change conditions. This comprehensive project built on our preliminary research to evaluate and assess practices that extend and enhance the grazing season and improve forage yield and quality. We worked to develop and fine-tune the following management practices:
1) Stockpiling: Investigated species composition and fertility management to provide high yielding/quality forage for late fall grazing.
2) No-till seedings into pastures: determined seeding rate, and nitrogen rates for supplementing existing pastures with winter rye or triticale to improve yield and quality of grazing in late fall and following spring.
3) Cool-season annuals – determined best combinations of brassicas, grasses, and other forbs to extend grazing into the fall while minimizing the impact of secondary compounds on livestock health.
4) Warm-season annuals – identified the best combinations that maximize yield and nutrient efficiency during the summer slump.
This project implemented a variety of educational methods to deliver comprehensive, practical information to Northeast dairy and livestock operators. We conducted replicated experiments at university research stations in MA, VT, and ME and worked with regional farmers to install on-farm demonstrations. The results were shared at annual meetings and field days. New adopters were able to ask questions to collaborating farmers and researchers in person and remotely. Field days were held at university research farms to display and transfer research results to the agricultural community. On-farm trials complimented research trials and integrated farmer-specific treatments. Lastly, development of online educational articles and videos assisted with distribution to the broader agricultural community.
Surveys of production farmers about grazing practices at in-person meetings and over our list serves showed that over the course of this project farmers were most interested in fall and summer annuals and stockpiling with a majority of 71 survey responses either already implementing or planning to implement one of these strategies. While there is interest in planting small grains into pastures, the methods are less developed and there has been much less use of this system on livestock and dairy farms.
Forty dairy and livestock producers in New England will implement a new practice or strategy to extend the grazing season, resulting in dry matter forage yield increases of one ton per acre and improvements in relative feed value (RFV) compared to stored dry hay on at least 2000 acres.
In a changing climate, northeast farmers are experiencing milder/wetter winters and hotter/dryer summers, significantly impacting pasture productivity. Wet soils in spring may delay planting of long season annuals like corn while changes in summer conditions may intensify the summer slump of pastures. Grazing in New England is also limited in late fall. To avoid over-grazing, livestock producers heavily rely on labor-intensive and more expensive stored hay and/or purchased feed. These approaches can strain farm finances since livestock producers and dairy farmers operate on thin profit margins. Not surprisingly, we have found that producers throughout the region are highly interested in expanding the grazing season and other risk mitigating strategies.
This project investigated several novel extended grazing systems to increase forage inventory, farm profits, and climate adaptability. These strategies provided research and education to help livestock farmers confidently increase yield, produce high-quality forage, and replace stored feeds.
In 2020, we began research activities on Stockpile, Small Grains into Pasture, and Fall Brassica experiments. We also produced educational content to inform regional farmers about our research projects, innovative grazing methods, and the importance of extending the grazing season. Despite the coronavirus pandemic we were able to begin establishing relationships with collaborating farmers.
During 2021 and 2022, research activities on all experiments (Stockpile, Small Grains into Pasture, Fall Brassica, and Summer Annuals) were completed and outreach activities continued in all three states. Outreach programs and on-farm demonstrations continued through the fall of 2023.
Cooperators
- (Educator and Researcher)
- (Educator and Researcher)
- (Educator and Researcher)
- (Researcher)
- (Educator)
Research
Our hypothesis was that the grazing season in New England could be extended to increase forage inventory and reduce feed costs in changing climate conditions. This comprehensive project evaluated and assessed the following strategies of extending grazing season:
1) Stockpiling and its fertility management to improve forage yield and quality in late fall.
2) No-till winter rye planted into existing pasture for grazing in late fall and following spring.
3) Late fall grazing of brassicas and other cold-hardy forbs planted in late summer.
4) Growing warm-season grasses and forbs to compensate for reduced forage availability during summer slump.
This project consisted of four experiments focusing on crops which can be grown during either the hot dry summer or cool fall and spring when traditional grazing systems are relatively unproductive. All proposed grazing strategies were evaluated independently for management flexibility and per-acre income in order to allow farmers to choose the strategy or strategies that fit their farm. The effect of these strategies on general soil health and nutrient cycling was also measured.
Preliminary Research
In response to interest from regional livestock producers two preliminary research on stockpile and brassicas species were conducted in 2018 and repeated in 2019 in MA. Several studies on forage brassicas and summer forage annuals from 2017-2019 also have been conducted in VT. In MA stockpile trial, tall fescue and orchardgrass plots were mixed with no legume, alfalfa, and red clover. In second year (2019), some grass-only plots were fertilized with urea in either early or late August. Biomass production was determined in late fall/early winter 2019 to observe changes in treatment performance during pasture establishment and in preparation for future season stockpile analysis in terms of forage quality and yield.
In MA, a wide spectrum of fall brassicas and other forbs were planted in Mid-September 2019 to test for initial suitability as fall grazing forages. This preliminary trial is mainly focused on assessing weed suppression, recommended seeding rates, growth habit, cold tolerance, and yield. This initial experiment allowed us to fine-tune the species and variety selection for trials in the fall of 2020 and 2021.
2020 overview
The COVID-19 pandemic caused many delays in our research plan. Research activities in all three states (MA, ME, VT) were significantly disrupted by research station closures and social distancing. The summer annual experiment was delayed until 2021 at all locations and the small grains into pastures experiment was postponed in Maine and Vermont.
Despite logistical complexities, much of our research was completed as planned. Stockpile experiment pastures were established in Vermont and Massachusetts, small grains were planted into pastures in Massachusetts, and the fall brassica experiment was planted in Vermont and Massachusetts. Unfortunately, dry weather in Massachusetts hampered brassica emergence and the Massachusetts location harvest was not used in 2020. The brassica experiment in Vermont was harvested as planned.
2021 overview
Research activities were performed in all three states with relatively few issues (although outreach activities were still more difficult due to continuing COVID restrictions and procedures. The first harvest of the stockpile experiment was completed in VT and MA. The first year of the small grains into pasture experiment was harvested in MA and the experiment was planted in all three stats for the winter of 2021-2022. The second year of the fall brassica experiment was conducted in VT and the first year in MA. The summer annual experiment was done in all three states. Sample processing and forage quality analysis is ongoing. Field data sets are included below but these have not been analyzed to draw statistical results.
2022 overview
Research activities were performed in all three states. The second harvest of the stockpile experiment was completed in VT and MA. The second harvest of the small grains into pasture experiment was completed in MA. The Small Grains into Pasture experiment was planted in ME and VT but the seeds did not establish in VT and the trial was not be repeated there. The second year of the summer annuals experiment was conducted in all three states. The second year of the fall brassicas experiment was completed in MA. Sample processing and analysis is ongoing and extension research reports have been completed for some experiments. Field data and forage analysis data as well as research reports are included below where they have been finished.
2023 overview
Forage quality and statistical analysis were completed in 2023. All data are included below.
Experimental Concepts and Design
Experiment 1: Stockpiling
Established pastures comprised of tall fescue and orchardgrass as monocrops and mixed was evaluated for yield and quality. To improve the quality of stockpile grasses and possibly reduce nitrogen application, we integrated red clover and alfalfa along with no supplemental nitrogen, or application of nitrogen in either early August or late August. No nitrogen plots was used as control. We simulated grazing by harvesting forages in late October. Forage yield and quality indices was measured. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 13 treatments and four replications. Plots were be 10' x 25'. (MA, VT)
Stockpile Experiment 2020
Pasture plots as described about were planted in Massachusetts and Vermont.
In Vermont, on 29-Apr plots were planted with perennial forage species mixtures in a complete randomized block design with five replicates. Plots were 5’ x 20’ and consisted of tall fescue and orchardgrass planted alone and mixed with alfalfa and red clover. During the growing season, the plots were mowed to control weeds and support establishment of the desired species, however, no data were collected during this establishment phase. In the fall of 2021, additional N fertility treatments were imposed on the plots. Data including yield and quality were collected in 2021. The varieties used were KF Enhancer II alfalfa, Kora fescue, Juliet red clover, and Echelon orchardgrass.
Stockpile layout in VT: Vermont Stockpiling Experiment Seeding Vermont Stockpiling randomization
In Massachusetts, on 10/29/20 plots were planted with perennial forage species mixtures in a complete randomized block design with four replicates. Plots were 6' x 25' and consisted of tall fescue and orchardgrass planted alone and mixed with alfalfa and red clover. Data collection began in 2021. Planting was done with a Brillion cone seeder. Layout and seeding rates are attached. The varieties used were Foregrazer alfalfa, Barolex fescue, Marathon red clover, and Echelon orchardgrass.
Stockpile layout in MA: MA 2020 stockpile seeding rates and layout
Stockpile Experiment 2021
In Vermont on 6-Aug and 27-Aug 2021 early and late nitrogen fertilizer treatments were imposed on the plots established in 2020. Plots were harvested on 9-Nov 2021 and subsamples collected for dry matter content determination and quality analyses.
Stockpile 2021 layout in VT: 2021 Forage Stockpiling Map
In Massachusetts, early and late fertilization of the stockpile occurred on August 4th and Sept. 2nd 2021 on the plots established in 2020. Fertilization rates were 50#/A in the form of urea at 204 g per 180 square foot plot. All plots were mowed at the beginning of August before fertilization. 1/4 square meter quadrats were harvested from each plot on Nov. 2 and Nov. 11. Frost was very late in MA this year and didn't happen until Nov. 3. The two sampling dates were taken in order to explore the effect of frost on the forage quality of the stockpile. Samples were used to assess forage quality. There was alfalfa in the experiment in the spring but by the fall all of the alfalfa had died. Clover content of the plots was quite variable with some plots without treatment clover having clover as a weed and some plots which had clover planted showing very poor stands. Before fertilizing the experiment following the treatments, the entire experiment received composted cow manure on June 3 and urea on June 16 to provide nitrogen and other nutrients during establishment. each pot received 40# of composted manure and 100 g urea per 180 square feet for a total of 83#/A nitrogen.
Stockpile 2021 yield data in MA: MA 2021 yield and clover presence
An on-farm stockpile demonstration was conducted at Antes Farm in Conway MA. Two sets of plots were set aside. Each set of plots had one plot which received manure and one which did not. 1/4 square meter samples were taken from all four plots on 10/28/2021. The stockpile at Antes farm was primarily orchardgrass with some reed canary grass.
Stockpile on-farm demonstration data: 2021 antes farm results
Stockpile experiment 2022
In Vermont, following two harvests in late May and early July, fertilizer treatments were applied to plots on 5-Aug and 29-Aug 2022 at a rate of 40 lbs N ac-1 using urea (46-0-0). Plots were harvested on 8-Nov and subsamples collected for dry matter content determination and quality analysis.
Data from Vermont stockpiling experiment harvest in 2021 was published as a research summary:
Darby. H., Ziegler, S., Bruce, J., Davidson, C., and Krezinski, I. 2021. Perennial Grass Stockpiling Trial. University of Vermont Extension Northwest Crop and Soils Program. St. Albans, VT. 2021_Perennial_Grass_Stockpiling_Report_Final
In Massachusetts, early and late fertilization of the stockpile occurred on August 1st and Sept. 1st 2022 on the plots established in 2020. Fertilization rates were 50#/A N in the form of calcium ammonium nitrate. All plots were mowed at the beginning of August before fertilization. 1/4 square meter quadrats were harvested from each plot on Oct. 28 and Nov. 3. The two sampling dates were taken in order to explore the effect of frost on the forage quality of the stockpile. Samples were used to assess forage quality. There was alfalfa in the experiment in the spring but by the fall all of the alfalfa had died. Clover content of the plots was quite variable with some plots without treatment clover having clover as a weed and some plots which had clover planted showing very poor stands. Clover presence had not changed since 2021.
Stockpile experiment 2023
Forage quality analysis for 2021 and 2022 was completed in Massachusetts: MA stockpile 2021 and 2022 yield and quality
Data from Vermont stockpiling experiment harvest in 2022 was published as a research summary: 2022_Perennial_Grass_Stockpiling_Report
Experiment 2: Small grains into pastures
Winter rye was no-till drilled into established pastures in August. The winter rye was harvested in late October and early spring and evaluated for yield and quality. Management treatments included seeding date, fertility management, and harvest date. The experiment was set up as a RCBD with four replications of 20 treatments. Plots were be 6' x 15'. Annual winter rye was planted at four times (no rye (control), Early August, Late August, and Early September) at the rate of 120 lbs/ac, combined with three nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 50, and 100 lbs N/acre). Each plot was split into two harvesting times, one in late October/early November and the other in spring (April). In ME and VT, collaborating farmers established at least one to two treatments of their choice and they evaluated production. In MA and VT, small plot trials with all treatments were established at research farms. (MA, ME, VT)
Small grains into pastures 2020
In Massachusetts, on 9/25/20 plots were planted with 50/50 mix of Aroostook rye and Fridge triticale at 0, 60, 120 pounds per acre into established pastures. An extra seeding rate treatment (240#/A) was accidentally planted as well. On 9/27, half of the plots received 40 pounds per acre nitrogen in the form of bloodmeal while the others received no nitrogen. 6' x 25' plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Planting was done with a Great Plains no-till seeder. Harvest for yield and forage quality were collected in the spring of 2021. Layout is attached.
Small grains into pasture layout in MA 2020-2021: small grains into pasture 2020 layout
This experiment was postponed until 2021 in Maine and Vermont due to coronavirus logistical difficulties and dry weather.
Small grains into pasture 2021
In MA, the Aroostook rye and Fridge triticale planted in 2020 was harvested on May 7 2021. The small grains were at heading stage. The grains were between 1 and 3 feet tall. There was a lot of variability in the experimental area with the southwest corner having generally more growth than the northeast. The number of stems per yard was measured in each plot and 75 square feet of each plot was harvested and dried to find biomass yield. samples were saved for forage quality analysis.
Small grains into pasture 2021 yield data in MA: MA small grains into pasture 2021 yields
The same treatments as in 2020 were planted in MA on Sept. 15 and fertilized on Oct. 6 2021 in a location nearby the 2020 planting at the UMass South Deerfield research farm. Pasture was cut to approximately 2 inches before planting. Layout attached.
Small grains into pasture layout in MA 2021-2022: MA small grains into pasture 2021-2022 layout
An on-farm demonstration of planting small grains into existing pastures was also conducted at Antes Farm in Conway MA. Laker oats, fridge triticale, and aroostook rye were planted separately with a Great Plains no-till drill with 6" between rows. Seeds were planted at 100#/A. Some of each planting got 50# N/A as urea and some were unfertilized. Triticale did not grow well but samples of pasture with and without oats or rye and with and without nitrogen were collected on 10/28/21.
Small grains into pasture on-farm demonstration data 2021: 2021 antes farm results
In Vermont on 22-Jun 2021 summer annual species were interseeded into established plots of perennial grasses and legumes. Plots were approximately 5’ x 35’ in size and consisted of orchardgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, meadow fescue, red clover, birdsfoot trefoil, and white clover. Each of these perennial species were interseeded with annual ryegrass, Japanese millet, sudangrass, and sunn hemp in a randomized block design. On 23-Aug 2021 plots were assessed for establishment of annuals by counting the number of annual species present within a 81in2 quadrat three times within each plot. The exceptionally dry conditions throughout the season prevented essentially any of the annual species from establishing except for in a few bordering areas where little to no perennial vegetation was present. Following this trial, plots were interseeded again with winter rye (grass plots) or winter triticale (legume plots) on 2-Sep 2021 at 60 or 120 lbs ac-1. Some plots were also left not interseeded as controls. On the same day as planting, fertilizer treatments of either 0 or 40 lbs ac-1 nitrogen via urea (46-0-0) were applied in a randomized block design. In the spring of 2022 these plots were assessed for winter grain establishment.
Summer small grains into pasture layout and data in VT 2021: 2021 Interseed summer annuals MAP
Winter small grains into pasture layout in VT 2021-2022: 2021 Interseed winter grains MAP
In Maine, two demonstration plots of winter rye (c.v. Hazlet) were no-till drilled into established pastures on commercial farms. Planting rate was 110 lbs/acre, and the sites were planted on 7-Sept 2021 (northern) and 12-Sept 2021 (southern). The majority of both sites had well-established perennial forages that were cut short at planting time. The northern site had one area with little established vegetation, due to previous cropping. These plots were evaluated in spring, 2022.
Small Grains into Pasture 2022
In MA, spring harvest of the on-farm demonstration experiment was done of 5/18/22.
In MA, the Aroostook rye and Fridge triticale planted in 2021 was harvested on May 6 2022. The small grains were at heading stage. The grains were between 1 and 3 feet tall. Overall experimental variability was lower in 2022 than in 2021. The number of stems per yard was measured in each plot and 1/2 square meter of each plot was harvested and dried to find biomass yield. Forage quality analysis was completed on both 2021 and 2022 harvests.
On-farm demo yield in fall 2021 and spring 2022: MA 2021 and 2022 antes farm results
MA Small grains into pasture yield and forage quality data 2021 and 2022: MA SGIP 2021 and 2022 yield and forage quality data
In VT and ME, the small grains into pasture did not establish successfully due to pasture vigor and the experiment was discontinued without harvesting in the spring of 2022.
Small Grains into Pasture 2023
Massachusetts results were published at an extension factsheet: MA small grain pasture interseeding
Experiment 3: Fall brassicas
Fall brassicas were planted as monoculture and mixed with oats and peas in August for late fall harvest. They were evaluated for yield and quality. The plots were arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots are 4' x 10' and forage species were planted on late August. Brassicas and the mixed forage were harvested and evaluated for their yield, quality and glucosinulate assessment in late October or early November, depending on weather conditions (MA, VT).
Fall Brassicas 2020
In Vermont, on 20-Aug plots were planted with six forage brassica varieties planted alone and in combination with an oat/pea mixture at three additional rates. Plots were harvested on 15-Oct with a Carter plot forage harvester equipped with scales. Yields were recorded and an approximate 1 lb. subsample collected and dried for dry matter content determination. The dried samples were ground to 1mm particle size and analyzed for forage quality. In addition, root and shoot biomass from three plants in each of the six brassica-only treatment plots in three of the replicates were collected, dried, and sent to UMass for nutrient and glucosinolate content analyses. This experiment was repeated at this location in 2021. The varieties used were Everleaf oats, 4010 peas, and Appin, Barkant, Barsica, T-Raptor, Pacific Gold, and Ground Hog brassicas. Layout is attached.
Fall brassicas layout from VT 2020: Vermont 2020 SARE Cool Season Annuals Map
In Massachusetts, fall brassica experiment was planted on 8/21/20 but brassica emergence was so poor that the experiment was not harvested. This was likely due to very dry weather. The experiment was redone in 2021. Layout and seeding rates are attached.
Fall brassica layout from MA 2020: MA Brassica Layout 2020
Fall Brassicas 2021
In Vermont on 23-Aug 2021 plots were planted with six forage brassica varieties planted alone and in combination with an oat/pea mixture at three additional rates. Plots were harvested on 3-Nov 2021 with a Carter plot forage harvester equipped with scales. Yields were recorded and an approximate 1 lb. subsample collected and dried for dry matter content determination. The dried samples were ground and analyzed for forage quality.
Fall brassicas layout from VT 2021: 2021 SARE Cool Season Forages Map
In MA, the brassica experiment was planted on 8/18 using a brillion cone seeder. There was substantial rain following planting and good emergence. All plots received 50#N/A as calcium ammonium nitrate (343 g CAN/ plot). 1/4 sq m quadrats were harvested on 10/18 and 10/20 2021. The samples were separated into oats, peas, and brassicas. All brassicas were in vegetative growth except for pacific gold which was flowering. This harvest was conducted before frost. samples of each species were ground for forage quality analysis. Samples of each species were also collected after frost (11/10) to assess how frost affects the forage quality of each species but these samples were not based on a specific area and didn't assess yield.
Fall brassica layout and field data from MA 2021: Brassica Layout and yield 2021
Fall Brassicas 2022
In MA the brassica experiment was planted on 8/19/22 using a drill cone seeder because the brillion cone seeder was broken. All plots received 50#N/A as calcium ammonium nitrate (343 g CAN/ plot). 1/4 sq m quadrats were harvested on 10/14 and 10/18 2022. The samples were separated into oats, peas, and brassicas. All brassicas were in vegetative growth except for pacific gold which was flowering. This harvest was conducted before frost. Samples of each species were ground for forage quality analysis. Samples of each species were also collected after frost (11/3) to assess how frost and an extra couple weeks of growth affects the forage quality and yield of each.
Fall Brassicas 2021 and 2022 yield in Massachusetts: MA 2021 and 2022 brassica experiment yield
Fall Brassicas 2023
Forage quality analysis was completed for Massachusetts location.MA brassica mixes yield and forage quality 2021 2022
Results were presented at a winter workshop at UMass Amherst to farmers: Brassica Mix Forages-2
And at the ASA-CSSA-SSSA annual scientific conference to agricultural scientists: Brassica Mixtures copy
Experiment 4: Summer annuals
Mixed summer annuals, including grasses and legumes were grown to compensate the summer slump. The forage crops were grown as mixes of differing levels of diversity from monocrop to many species mixtures. Forage composition was tracked at first and second harvest to assess the rate of growth and species' response to grazing and other management practices. Harvested forage was evaluated for yield and quality. The experiment was laid out as RCBD with plots 4' x 20 ' (MA, VT, ME).
Summer Annuals 2020
This experiment was postponed in all locations until 2021 due to research station closures from COVID-19 pandemic.
Summer Annuals 2021
In Maine, summer annuals were no-till drilled into an established grass field on 21-June, 2021 using a Great Plains drill. These treatments were sorghum-sudangrass (rates); Japanese millet (30 lbs/A and 15 lbs/A); purpletop turnip (6 and 3 lbs/A); an overseeding mix of DH-3 annual rye (78%), Medium red clover (6.5%), Purple top turnip (5%), Eco-till radish (5%) (15 lbs/A); and an unplanted check. Experimental units were 6’ wide and 25’ long and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Urea fertilizer was broadcast at planting (50 lbs N/A). At time of planting, the plot was very dry, due to local drought conditions. Samples were collected on 23-Sept, separated into planted annuals and existing vegetation, and dried.
In Vermont on 2-Jun 2021 two summer annual grass species (sudangrass and pearl millet) were seeded in combination with two legumes (red clover and crimson clover) at varying mixture ratios (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) The plots were fertilized with 100#/acre urea (46-0-0) on 24-Jun 2021. Prior to harvest, heights were measured in three random locations in each plot for each species present in the treatment. On 22-Jul 2021 plots were harvested by cutting the material growing within a 0.25m2 quadrat in each plot at a height of approximately 5 inches. The material was then sorted by summer annual species and weeds. Biomass of each fraction was recorded and a representative composite sample of each species was taken for dry matter content determination. The summer annual species were then recombined and dried to be analyzed for forage quality via NIR procedures. The same methods for height and biomass determination were followed for the second harvest on 24-Aug 2021.
Summer annuals layout in VT 2021: SARE Summer Annual Mixtures Map
Summer annuals field data from VT 2021: 2021 SARE Summer Annuals all data
In MA, the summer annual experiment was planted on 6/2/2021 using a brillion cone seeder. plots were 6 x 20 feet. Plots were meant to be fertilized with 50#/A nitrogen in the form of calcium ammonium nitrate. 3 sq ft sections of the plots were harvested regularly during the season (7/1, 7/13-14, 7/21-22, 7/29, 8/10-12, 9/2). Samples from 7/1, 7/13-14, 7/29, and 8/10-12 were harvested at ground level to track the relative growth of the legumes and grasses during growth. Samples from 7/13-14 and 9/2 were cut from the same section 5 inches above the ground to simulate harvesting or grazing height and forage regrowth in the 9/2 sampling date. For these two samplings, weed biomass was also measured and samples of all forage species were ground for forage quality analysis. Pearl millet, sudangrass, and weeds were also collected from unused plots and made into 1 quart mini-silos after being chopped to 1/2 inch pieces using an Ohio corn chopper. The silage was in 5 treatments, 1) sudangrass, 2) pearl millet, 3) weeds, 4) half and half sudangrass and weeds, and 5) half and half pearl millet and weeds. The field was very weedy. The weeds in June and early July were primarily lambsquarter, purslane, galinsoga, and some grasses with small amounts of other species. In late July and August, the weeds were lambsquarters, pigweed, galinsoga, and fall panicum. All of the broadleaf weeds were flowering at the time of silage making.
Summer annuals layout and field data from MA 2021: 2021 summer annual layout and treatments
Summer Annuals 2022
In Vermont on 7-Jun 2022, plots of sudangrass and pearl millet were established in combination with red clover and crimson clover at varying ratios. Plots were fertilized with 100 lbs ac-1 urea (46-0-0) on 12-Jul. Prior to each harvest, heights were measured in three random locations in each plot for each species present in the treatment. On 22-Jul plots were harvested by cutting the material growing within a 0.25m2 quadrat in each plot at a height of approximately 5 inches. The material was then sorted by summer annual species and weeds. Biomass of each fraction were recorded and a representative composite sample of each species was taken for dry matter content determination. The summer annual species were then recombined and dried to be analyzed for forage quality via NIR procedures. The same methods were used for the second harvest on 25-Aug.
Darby. H., Ziegler, S., Davidson, C., and Krezinski, I. 2021. Summer Annual Mixtures Trial. University of Vermont Extension Northwest Crop and Soils Program. St. Albans, VT. 2021_Summer_Annual_Mixture_Report_Final
Darby. H., Ziegler, S., Davidson, C., Krezinski, I., and Sizen, M. 2021. Summer Annual Variety Trial. University of Vermont Extension Northwest Crop and Soils Program. St. Albans, VT. 2021_Summer_Annual_VT_Report
In MA, the summer annual experiment was planted on 5/31/2022 using a brillion cone seeder. plots were 6 x 20 feet. Plots were fertilized with 50#/A nitrogen in the form of calcium ammonium nitrate. 1/4 square meter sections of the plots were harvested regularly during the season (7/5-7/6, 7/19, 7/20, 8/1-8/2, 8/15-8/16, 9/7). Samples from 7/5-7/6, 7/19, 8/1-8/2, and 8/15-16 were harvested at ground level to track the relative growth of the legumes and grasses during growth. Samples from 7/20 and 9/7 were cut from the same section 5 inches above the ground to simulate harvesting or grazing height and forage regrowth in the 9/7 sampling date. For these two samplings, weed biomass was also measured and samples of all forage species were ground for forage quality analysis. Pearl millet, sudangrass, and weeds were also collected from unused plots and made into 1 quart mini-silos after being chopped to 1/2 inch pieces using an Ohio corn chopper. The silage was in 5 treatments, 1) sudangrass, 2) pearl millet, 3) weeds, 4) half and half sudangrass and weeds, and 5) half and half pearl millet and weeds. The field was very weedy. The weeds in June and early July were primarily lambsquarts, purselane, galinsoga, and some grasses with small amounts of other species. In late July and August, the weeds were lambsquarters, pigweed, galinsoga, and fall panicum. All of the broadleaf weeds were flowering at the time of silage making.
MA 2021 and 2022 yield: MA 2021 and 2022 summer annual data
Summer annuals 2023
Analysis of the summer annual experiment in Massachusetts showed that pearl Millet and Sudangrass were evaluated at seed percentages 0-100%. Biomass of each grass was evaluated by cutting a 1x3 ft section on a bi-weekly basis to establish how the treatments vary over time by seeding ratio and type of warm-season grass. Two separate cuts evaluated yield, quality, and regrowth. Another cut looked at ensiling success and quality of Pearl millet and Sudangrass. Results showed both forage species had similar and comparable quality to cool-season grasses. With how much more Sudangrass produces in yield and the little difference in forage quality compared to Pearl millet, Sudangrass would make a good replacement for cool-season grasses. Pearl millet and Sudangrass can be ensiled successfully and have competitive forage quality compared to corn silage.
Full results were published as an MS thesis by Andrea Marroquin and presented at field days and workshops. Assessing Warm-Season Annual Grasses to Increase Forage Inventory
Forage Analysis
Harvested forage in all four experiments were evaluated for NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), crude protein, mineral nutrients, energy content, and RFV (Relative Feed Value) at PI lab in MA and/or an independent laboratory.
Forage Analysis 2020
Lab work has not been completed on any samples.
Forage Analysis 2021
Lab work is in progress for many samples but there are no results to include yet.
Forage Analysis 2022
Forage analysis was conducted for many of the 2021 and 2022 samples while some is still being processed. Where available the forage quality data is included with data for each experiment above.
Forage Analysis 2023
Forage quality analysis was completed and is included with each experiment above.
Field and forage quality data are found next to the research activities described in the materials and methods section since many of the documents contain both methodological information and data. Compiled field data are also included here for ease of reference.
Small grains into pasture: field and forage quality data from MA 2021 and 2022: MA SGIP 2021 and 2022 yield and forage quality data. On farm yields from Antes Farm demonstration: MA 2021 and 2022 antes farm results
In 2021 and 2022, the small grains into pastures experiment in MA had higher forage yields for the pastures with small grains and nitrogen than for either pastures with just small grains without nitrogen or just nitrogen. This method was not successful in VT and yield improvements were not seen in an on-farm trial in MA. The research station trial in MA was clipped quite short before planting. This suggests that planting small grains into pastures may be most applicable to rehabbing overgrazed pastures rather than an add-on for vigorously growing fields.
These results were presented as a MA factsheet: MA small grain pasture interseeding
Stockpile field and quality data from MA 2021 and 2022: MA Stockpiling 2021 and 2022 yield and forage quality data
The stockpile experiment in 2021 had the highest forage yields in plots fertilizer in late august compared with to other nitrogen treatments or the unfertilized control. Orchardgrass yields were higher than fescue with orchardgrass/fescue mixtures intermediate.
Descriptive charts showing these very preliminary results from both the small grains into pasture and stockpile experiments in MA were presented at an on-farm field day in the fall of 2021.
Stockpile yield report from VT 2021: stockpiling expectation of mean squares
Stockpile yield report from VT 2021:2022_Perennial_Grass_Stockpiling_Report
Fescue and orchardgrass together had the highest yield of grass treatments in 2021 but there were no statistically significant differences in yield in 2022. Early August nitrogen led to the highest yield for nitrogen treatments in 2021 but including alfalfa or clover performed as well as early August fertilization in 2022.
Summer annual field data from MA 2021 and 2022: MA 2021 and 2022 summer annual data
Red clover and crimson clover grew poorly in mixes with sudangrass and pearl millet and were only poorly competitive with summer weeds in MA. The forage quality of both sudangrass and pearl millet were comparable to perennial pasture grasses and both were ensiled successfully. The results from 2021 were analyzed and presented as a Master's thesis: Marroquin - Assessing Warm-Season Annual Grasses to Increase Forage Inventory
Summer annual field data from VT 2021: 2021 SARE VT Summer Annuals all data. Research report on summer annual mixes from 2021: 2021_Summer_Annual_Mixture_Report_Final
Variety trial for summer annual grasses: 2021_Summer_Annual_VT_Report
Research report on summer annual mixes from: 20222022_Summer_Annual_Mixture_Report
In Vermont in 2021 and 2022, crimson clover and red clover produced much more when planted without pearl millet or sudangrass. When mixed with grasses, the grasses were dominant. weed growth was also much more vigorous with lower grass seeding rates and especially so with only legumes planted. Additionally, variety trials showed that the pearl millet (Prime 360) and sudangrass (AS 9301) varieties which were used for this experiment were good representatives of currently available varieties.
Fall brassica field data and forage quality from MA 2021 and 2022: MA brassica mixes yield and forage quality 2021 2022
Fall brassica experiment results were presented at an all day forage workshop at UMass: Brassica Mix Forages-2
and at the annual ASA-CSSA-SSSA conference:Brassica Mixtures copy
These experiments showed grazing season extension can be achieved in New England using a variety of methods.
Interseeding small grains into pastures can be an effective way to boost spring forage yields while maintaining high forage quality in low competition conditions. This system may be especially useful when pastures have been overgrazed or when early spring growth and fiber digestibility are priorities. In this circumstance, with 40 lbs/acre N, interseeding 120 lbs/acre of small grains can almost double forage yield in early May. However, no-till planting is necessary to get good soil contact and vigorous perennial grasses can out compete small grains.
Fescue, orchardgrass, and a mixture of the two grasses performed well as stockpiled grasses to be grazed in November. 50 lbs/acre N added in August and the inclusion of red clover in the pasture all improved yield substantially relative to no late summer nitrogen. Alfalfa worked as well as red clover when it persisted in the stockpiled pastures.
Mixing red or crimson clovers with pearl millet or sudangrass was unsuccessful. The clover did poorly and was not competitive with either the grasses or annual weeds. Even after the first cutting, legumes did not grow well. Summer annual grasses remain a viable forage extension strategy but would require a more vigorous legume if planted as a mixture.
Fall planting of up to 3 lbs/acre leafy brassicas (like turnips) with a 50% rate of oats and peas can maintain or increase yields by 25% relative to oats and peas alone. Including brassicas dramatically improves forage quality due to high non-fibrous carbohydrate levels while maintaining sufficient fiber to avoid health issues. Brassicas continue growing rapidly into November and maintain high forage quality. Protein content decreases after hard frosts but it still more than 15% of the dry matter.
In summary, stockpiling perennial grasses and annual brassicas mixed with oats and peas can be reliable methods for extending the grazing season into the late fall. In the summer, annual pearl millet and sudangrass can grow well in both wet and dry conditions but it is not worth planting crimson or red clovers with them. Interseeding small grains into perennial pastures is a promising but, so far, inconsistent method to boost spring forage yields.
Education
2020
In person field days and meeting were not possible in 2020 due to COVID-19. Instead over 2020, a series of 6 monthly webinars was produced by all three states to educate regional farmers about a variety of techniques for extending the grazing season. This series covered all of our research topics as well as several other grazing extension strategies. The webinars were delivered live and are now hosted on YouTube as well as university websites. 315 people attended the webinars live and 250 views on YouTube. Vermont held a virtual field day on 7-Aug in which research results and information related to perennial and annual forage production were shared with 40 attendees. A presentation of research results was recorded and posted to YouTube. Since the live event the recording has been accessed 75 times. Additionally, Massachusetts communicated with our 1,070 Crop Dairy Livestock and Equine newsletter subscribers about grazing extension and the research project.
2021
In Vermont a field day was held on 22-Oct 2021 focused on cover crops and forages. 112 people attended this event at which information and very preliminary results from these projects were shared.
In Massachusetts, an in-person field day at the UMass South Deerfield Farm was held on July 27 2021 including presentations on stockpiling and summer annuals. It was attended by 86 people. Four events were held in the fall. On Nov. 9 2021 an on-farm field demonstration workshop attended by 11 people was held at Antes Farm in Conway MA covering planting small grains into pasture and stockpiling. Very preliminary results from small grains into pasture experiment and stockpile experiment were presented in a short flyer. Three additional events were held over the fall to talk about stockpiled pasture management with Massachusetts farmers: a virtual event sponsored by the Friends of Lake Warner attended by 22 people on Sept. 21 and two in-person workshops at Doe Valley Farm in Petersham attended by 58 total people on Oct. 19 and 23.
2022
In Vermont, a webinar was held on 25-Feb 2022 in which preliminary results from these projects were shared. The webinar was recorded and posted to YouTube here. Since posting, the webinar has been viewed 121 times.
A blog about seeding summer annuals was posted here on 3-Jun.
Field days were held on 17-Jun and 28-Jul 2022 in Vermont. Approximately 44 and 180 people attended these events respectively which both focused on forage production and increasing the amount of forage fed to dairy animals. At these events preliminary results and insights gained from these projects were shared with attendees. Vermont project collaborators also participated in the Northeast Organic Dairy Producers Alliance Field Days in which they presented strategies for farms to reduce input costs which supporting high-forage diets. This included discussion of strategies such as utilizing annual forage crops, stockpiling, and fertility management addressed through this project.
Two farmers planted trial fields of sorghum sudangrass this year in an attempt to provide additional tonnage of digestible forage during the summer to stretch the inventory of corn silage until the next harvest. We worked with the farms to select suitable varieties, discuss establishment, fertility management, harvest management, and storage. Unfortunately, the weather provided significant challenges that ultimately limited the success of these stands. Despite this, the farmers remained engaged in learning about managing these new crops on their farms and how they may be utilized in the future.
In MA, two grazing and pasture management workshops which included material on the grazing systems of this project were held around the state. 73 people attended the workshops in total. Workshops were held on April 23rd at Red Apple Farm in Phillipston MA and on April 1st in Plymouth MA. A research farm field day was held on August 2nd where summer annual research was discussed in connection to other grazing extension strategies which was attended by 85 people. On August 16, a EQIP pasture working group of about 15 regional extension agents came to the UMass research farm and toured the summer annual experiment plots. There was also a broader discussion of the results of this research project.
2023
On February 21st, an all day workshop was held at UMass Amherst to discuss forage crops including the results of this research project attended by 30 people. On March 9th, an organic dairy conference in Vermont, shared results of this research to 125 farmers. Surveys were conducted at both winter events to assess the impact and applicability of the research. Results were also presented at the ASA-CSSA-SSSA annual conference in October 2023 to approximately 100 scientists.
Milestones
320 livestock producers across six New England states learn about grazing extension strategies at spring meetings and receive a survey to determine current practices and constraints.
320
643
May 31, 2020
Completed
September 30, 2021
Spring field days were not possible due to the COVID-19 pandemic and instead the three participating states jointly produced a series of six, monthly webinars on extending the grazing season. These webinars were viewed by 565 people in 2020 and continue to be available online. The survey that we had planned to distribute at spring meetings in 2020 was delayed. A survey was sent to 643 dairy farms in 2021 and received 165 responses. Results are summarized here: OREI_Forage_Survey_Highlights_FINAL
250 farmers return the survey; 200 farmers provide contact information for further involvement in the project.
250
236
March 31, 2023
Completed
March 09, 2023
We received 165 responses to a survey in 2021. Additional surveys were performed in 2023. The results of the 2021 survey are summarized here: OREI_Forage_Survey_Highlights_FINAL.
We received 19 responses to a winter forage management workshop survey in Massachusetts and 52 at the organic dairy producers conference in Vermont in 2023. See results in Milestone 8.
180 farmers attend at least one field day that explains the project performance target, the known benefits of extended grazing, ongoing research in strategies for extending grazing into the summer slump, and on-farm trials.
180
313
November 30, 2020
Completed
October 22, 2021
Our planned field days in 2020 were cancelled due to the pandemic. Vermont held a virtual field day on August seventh which included information about this research and has been viewed 115 times. Other field days were rescheduled for 2021 to coincide with the delayed research activities.
In 2021, in-person field days were held in both Vermont and Massachusetts with 112 attendees in Vermont and 86 in Massachusetts.
200 farmers attend a spring workshop or field day in each of three states and learn about post-frost and early spring grazing extension, species selection, forage quality, and management timing. Preliminary results from research trials were delivered to farmers and collaborators.
300
380
October 31, 2021
Completed
August 04, 2022
Preliminary results were communicated to farmers at field days and webinars in 2022. Two field days and one webinar were held in VT attended by 224 people. In MA, two on-farm workshops and one research farm field day were attended by 158 people.
6 farmers, two in each state, plant at least one on-farm demonstration in collaboration with project team.
6
6
September 01, 2021
Completed
September 01, 2022
In Maine, two demonstration plots of winter rye (c.v. Hazlet) were no-till drilled into established pastures on commercial farms. Planting rate was 110 lbs/acre, and the sites were planted on 7-Sept 2021 (northern) and 12-Sept 2021 (southern). The majority of both sites had well-established perennial forages that were cut short at planting time. The northern site had one area with little established vegetation, due to previous cropping. These plots were evaluated in spring, 2022.
On-farm demonstrations of both stockpiling, and small grains into pastures were conducted at Antes Farm in Massachusetts in 2021. The small grains into pasture were be evaluated in the spring of 2022. A demonstration was at Bar-Way Farm in Deerfield MA in 2022 to explore the use of small grains as a forage extension strategy with an focus on the examining the soil health implications.
In Vermont, two farmers grew summer annual demonstrations in 2022 focusing on the use of sudangrass in increase forage inventory in silage. We worked with the farms to select suitable varieties, discuss establishment, fertility management, harvest management, and storage. Unfortunately, the weather provided significant challenges that ultimately limited the success of these stands. Despite this, the farmers remained engaged in learning about managing these new crops on their farms and how they may be utilized in the future.
50 farmers consult about grazing extension including information on species selection, fertility management, management schedule, and type of livestock with project team by phone and email.
50
52
30
October 31, 2023
Completed
October 31, 2023
Throughout the course of this experiment, all collaborators spoke with farmers about expended grazing in a wide variety of contexts. Winter workshops in 2023 specifically provided specific discussion forums for speaking with more than 52 farmers and 30 ag service providers.
Extension articles and videos were produced and distributed online and at the field days and training workshops.
900
1750
March 31, 2023
Completed
December 31, 2021
An extension article on extended grazing was produced for the UMass Crop Dairy Livestock and Equine program discussing grazing extension strategies and their purpose in the Northeast. Our webinar series and UVM's virtual field day videos are available online on university websites and YouTube.
40 farmers documented acres used for grazing season extension, forage yield, and stocking rate by completing and submitting verification information to project staff.
40
52
October 31, 2023
Completed
March 09, 2023
Surveys in the winter of 2023 documented that in Vermont farmers representing 8,000 acres reported that:
As the result of the education and outreach 70% of respondents increased their understanding of how to extend the grazing season.
As a result of attending Forage Focused Outreach Events have implemented any of the following:
Summer or Cool Season Annuals - 43% implemented and 20% plan to implement, 20% need more information
Stockpiling Forage – 37% implemented and 26% plan to implement, 15% need more information
Improved Grazing Schedules – 68% implemented and 27% plan to implement, 5% need more information
Improved Pasture Fertility – 60% implemented, 27% plan to implement, 10% need more information
Has implementation resulted in any of the following
Reduced purchased feed/grain 37% said yes
Produce more meat or milk 44% said yes
Enhanced farm viability 52% said yes
Better protection of environmental resources around them 61% said yes.
and in Massachusetts:
75% of farmers growing on 1400 acres planned to include fall annuals in their cropping systems and all farmers reported learning about extended grazing options.
2500 livestock producers in six states of New England and upstate New York learn about grazing extension strategies through direct mailings.
2500
2120
October 31, 2023
Completed
November 01, 2023
The extension article for UMass CDLE extension was mailed to 1070 subscribers. 5 blog newsletters covering a variety of extending grazing practices were sent to the UVM Outcropping email list with an average of 210 readers per email.
https://blog.uvm.edu/outcropn/2022/06/03/time-to-plant-summer-annuals/
https://blog.uvm.edu/outcropn/2022/12/14/grass-fed-dairy-production-course/
https://blog.uvm.edu/outcropn/2023/02/28/2023-vermont-organic-dairy-producers-conference/
https://blog.uvm.edu/outcropn/2023/10/12/farmers-guide-to-grass-fed-dairy-production/
Milestone Activities and Participation Summary
Educational activities:
Participation Summary:
Learning Outcomes
In the winter of 2023, 71 surveyed farmers (representing 9,400 acres) reported that:
As the result of the education and outreach 70% of respondents increased their understanding of how to extend the grazing season.
As a result of attending Forage Focused Outreach Events have implemented any of the following:
Summer or Cool Season Annuals - 43% implemented and 20% plan to implement, 20% need more information
Stockpiling Forage – 37% implemented and 26% plan to implement, 15% need more information
Performance Target Outcomes
Target #1
40
Forty dairy and livestock operations in New England implement one or more proposed strategies to extending grazing season on at least 2000 acres. This will increase and diversify forage inventory during summer slump, late fall/early winter, and early spring on their farms.
2000 acres.
These strategies will allow farmers to grow an additional $500,000 of forages annually (2,000 acres x $250/acre) while enhancing environmental sustainability and resiliency. Assessed through survey.
48
In the winter of 2023, 71 surveyed farmers reported that:
As the result of the education and outreach 70% of respondents increased their understanding of how to extend the grazing season.
As a result of attending Forage Focused Outreach Events have implemented any of the following:
Summer or Cool Season Annuals - 43% implemented and 20% plan to implement, 20% need more information
Stockpiling Forage – 37% implemented and 26% plan to implement, 15% need more information
Improved Grazing Schedules – 68% implemented and 27% plan to implement, 5% need more information
Improved Pasture Fertility – 60% implemented, 27% plan to implement, 10% need more information
3,750 acres
Surveyed farmers represented 1,400 acres in MA and 8,000 acres in VT for a total of 9,400 acres. about 40% of these farmers (3,750 acres) reported adopting extended grazing strategies and additional farmers intend to after hearing about the research.
Farmers reported that implementing grazing season extension resulted in:
Reduced purchased feed/grain 37% said yes
Produce more meat or milk 44% said yes
Enhanced farm viability 52% said yes
Better protection of environmental resources around them 61% said yes
The performance target was assessed through surveys at two winter events in 2023. On February 21st, an all day workshop was held at UMass Amherst to discuss forage crops including the results of this research project attended by 30 people. On March 9th, an organic dairy conference in Vermont, shared results of this research to 125 farmers. Surveys were returned by 71 participants (representing 9,400 acres of land) who reported that the educational programing provided at these and other related events had reduced off farm feed purchases, increased meat and milk production, and enhanced farm viability while improving environmental protection. 48 farmers reported already making at least one change to their grazing practices. The vast majority of farmers reported increased knowledge of extended grazing season practices.